The Honorable New Zealand Prime Minister Timi Kara
of Maori Iwi Ngati Kahungunu
At the beginning of the 1900s Western Samoa had both a Samoan-German alliance and a Samoan-British alliance, Eastern Samoa aligned with United States of America, and the Northern Maori were allied to the NZ Colonial & British Imperials who had at that time had a dwindling political stance in New Zealand through the Liberal Party (later the Reform Party). The Maori Kingdom still held it's ground in the southern regions of Aotearoa New Zealand. After the great Maori Wars shown off with Pacific influences, the political landscape did change in New Zealand and the once Liberal Party would soon turn into the NZ Reform Party, a party who's politics were still much the same, but now with a stronger Maori presence. In 1909, New Zealand came under the leadership of Prime Minister Timi Kara (Maori Irish-man) from 1909-1911.
The NZ Reform Government and Timi Kara
Timi Kara in the 1880s worked with Paratene Ngata and Rapata Wahawaha developing Management Committees to oversee Maori land and internal border issues, these issues involving former internal Maori conflicts. The problems in dispute included individual buyer grievances, foreign company interests, and claims by the Maori Crown and British Crown. In 1893, he collaborated with Rees and Wi Pere to introduce a private member's Bill to constitute the owners of the 100,000-acre Mangatu No 1 block, north-east of Gisborne, as a body corporate. The Bill empowered Maori owners to manage the land through an elected committee. The success of the Bill gradually gained hatred from opposing Imperialists, and Timi Kara became known as "The First Maori Communist in power".
Timi Kara, also known as James Carroll (english political name) supported the classic East Coast model of land incorporations to secure the passage of the Urewera District Native Reserve Act 1896. This allowed the title of the area to be settled by a special commission of only Maori Tuhoe committees. In return the NZ Government there-after was allowed access and trade rights with the understanding of whom is in possession of it's rights. In the year 1900, with the support of emerging young leaders like Apirana Ngata, Carroll was able to persuade Kotahitanga and others to support the 'Maori Councils Act' and the 'Maori Lands Administration Act'. The Maori committees dealt with health and sanitation, liquor control, and land control. Maori Block committees assisted the Native Land Court in determining title.
Timi Kara vs Tuhoe Rua Kenana of Maungapohatu
The Native Land Settlement Act 1907 provided that only the Governor in council could vest unoccupied land in the boards. If Maori owners proposed to alienate land they could not do so. The Tohunga Suppression Act 1907 reflected Carroll's impatience with what he considered regressive Tuhoe attitudes. It was aimed at prophet leaders such as Rua Kenana of Maungapohatu. In 1896, Timi Kara had protected Tuhoe land in the Urewera District Native Reserve Act, but recent claims by Rua had infuriated Timi Kara, a person whom he regarded as a poor leader who wanted to draw Tuhoe off into isolation again.
Prime Minister of New Zealand Timi Kara 1909-1911
In 1909 as Prime Minister, Timi Kara oversaw The Native land Act of 1909 Act which supported the Maori council set-ups of the early 1900s, and secured that Maori lands be directly handled through the Maori land boards. The Land incorporations and the Maori land development provisions of 1907 were strengthened into the 1960s. In negotiations with the Maori Crown, he negotiated that Maori land boards would be set-up in Waikato, but under their own chiefly systems.
An Englishman by the name of William Herries, an anti-Maori with no loyalty to New Zealand as a nation, Herries openly accused Carroll's policies as a "goal of Communism that will keep the Maori a separate race forever". Carroll countered Herries by calling him a poor Pakeha (foreigner), desperate for land and title.
NZ Liberal Party before they became NZ Reform Party
New electoral reforms were held after the Liberal Party had begun to support Maori platforms, and safeguards of Maori land and property were no longer to be an over bearing issue. The new Reform Party won thirty-seven seats to ready New Zealand from overseas German Imperial threats. In 1912, The Reform Party took office and placed William Masey as it's Prime Minister, who dedicated himself to the growing conflicts within Europe. His party's platform became dedicated to the protection of Scotland and Britain as the German Empire expanded over the Atlantic with a felt presence in Western Samoa in a Samoan-German alliance.
"All we are and all we have is at the disposal of the British Government. ” - Prime Minister William Massey to the British Government.
In July 1914, Germany sends Russia an ultimatum and declares war on Russia. France mobilizes their troops and the United States and Italy declare Neutrality. The nations of Denmark, Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality as well. The Germany Empire and the Muslim Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty, and on August 2nd Germany invades Luxembourg. On August 2nd through the 26th, Germany captures fortified Longwy "The Iron Gate to Paris" near the Luxembourg border.
On August 3rd 1914, The Germany Empire declared war on France with alliances in Belgium, and Switzerland declares their neutrality. Germany entered Belgium to outflank the French army and with Britain being Treaty bound with France, beginning in the 1870s, the British declare war under contract.
August 29th in 1914, a party in New Zealand was on fair terms to the Samoan Failpule Government and with Malietoa Tanumafili. The Reform Party of New Zealand, under Prime Minister William Masey and his overseas allies, sent orders to Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Logan to take down the German radio station in Western Samoa and arrest German diplomats.
Samoan Mau Socialist Party & Labour Party Socialists
During the 14 years that Western Samoa had joined with Germany 1900-1914, formal opposition had occurred on two occasions with the Samoan Mau Party, who were a "Samoa-for-Samoa" Socialist organization wanting rid the nation of foreign extremism. The Mau Samoans opposed the Samoan-Germany alliance and the Samoan-British alliance, and were in discussions with Eastern Samoan councils.
In New Zealand, year 1916, a man named Fraser helped co-found the Labour Party of New Zealand, his political ally Michael Joseph Savage also joined the Labour Party, who was formally a member of The Socialist Party of New Zealand. That year in 1916, Fraser was jailed for his political Socialist and possible Communist alliances, along with several other New Zealand politically elected members, charged with sedition by the Reform Party and New Zealand Legion (a sub-party of Reform) of New Zealand. Fraser opposed the idea that New Zealand was merely an extension of Britain, as the Reform Party wished to govern it as, and supported a sovereign NZ national identity 'New Zealanders-for-New Zealanders'.
Over in Western Samoa, one of the wealthiest men in the Pacific at the time was a Samoan-Swedish businessman, Taisi O.F. Nelson and a founder of the Samoan Mau Socialist Party. By 1918, Taisi Company Ltd controlled and owned port stations in Apia, two distributing branches in Savaii and twenty trading stations throughout Western Samoa and Australia. By 1928, the Taisi Company owned over forty trading stations. Another well known Socialist of the times was Henry Edmund Holland born on 10 June 1868 in New South Wales Australia, the second child of farmer Edward Holland and his wife Mary Chaplin. Harry joined the Salvation Army in Queanbeyan when he came of age.
At the end of his apprenticeship in 1887, Holland left Queanbeyan to find work in Sydney Australia where he met Annie McLachlan at a Salvation Army meeting.
Harry Edward Holland (also written about as H.E. Holland) married on the 6th of October 1888. He was a well known family man. In 1912 he arrived in Aotearoa New Zealand in the midst of a heated Waihi Union Miners' strike. He co-authored "The tragic story of the Waihi strike" and in April 1913, became editor of the New Zealand Federation of Labour's influential newspaper, the 'Maoriland Worker'. His co-authorship added to his reputation and prestige during Aotearoa New Zealand's transitioning stages. Then came a victory of a Socialist parliamentarian, P. C. Webb, for Grey. H.E. Holland was charged with sedition against the Government of New Zealand in 1913 during a Union Waterfront Strike, sentenced to 12 months but only served 3 and a half months in prison. The NZ Waterfront Strike openly opposed the heavy handed administration of Prime Minister William Massey of the Reform Party.
H.E. Holland vowed after his experiences with the NZ Trade Unions and a jail term sentence, to take Socialism and it's Trade Unions to the highest cords of Government. The New Zealand Socialists were coming out for the first time, supported by new New Zealand Colonials, non-Maori Pacific islanders including Samoans born in NZ, and by other Socialist South Pacific movements including party from Australia. The Waihi branch region of the New Zealand Socialist Party also asked him to become its core organizer and lecturer.
Holland's campaign as a by-election candidate for Wellington North Capital City in February 1918, brought him under a Reform Party attack so extreme and so personal, that it was unsure if his goodwill and strong character could hold the weight, the Reform Party hoping to have him arrested again for any extreme act under the new political pressure. To the most loyal of British Crown Reform Party members, H.E. Holland was seen as the local variation of 'the Bolshevik Revolution incarnate', however Holland still won the New Zealand election and continued with a Socialist invasion of the Reform Party.
In 1919, Harry Edward Holland defeated James McCombs for the Chairmanship Parliament for the Socialist Labour Party, supported by strikes and Trade Unionists around the country with New Zealand's markets recently turning sour into a full economic Depression. During this time overseas Banking resources in England for the Reform Party were also overwhelmed in an economic Depression, and broke stiff with the English market going belly-up. The Reform Party was held responsible for it's continued overseas schemes that had ruined an NZ nation at the very beginning of it's foundations where the Maori and Colonials were finally making solid political footing towards a true New Zealand future, and over again came these political scandals with an economic Depression none could afford.
H.E. Holland had visited Western Samoa in 1920 as a member of the Socialist party and met with houses there, an interest in which continued into 1929, becoming close friends of Mau Socialist leaders. Labour Member of Parliament, H.E. Holland, after ventures in Samoa, proclaimed his discontent again with Reform Party politics and advocated a Labour Party backing a Socialist Mau Government administration in Western Samoa.
Taisi Olaf Nelson kept correspondence with H.E. Holland until 1933 when Holland suddenly passed away in October, blamed as a heart attack. Holland who would have gone on to become the next New Zealand Prime Minister passed on and Michael Joseph Savage took his place as Labour Party leader, and in 1935, the Socialists and Labour Party took over New Zealand Government.
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Posted in: A.P.I. A. Studies
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