The Maori Wars from 1830-1869 reinterpreted by British history writers in the 20th century, one hundred years later as "The New Zealand Wars", do still record the utmost devastating encounters in an Imperial age showing off Mana of Maori. As British enterprise sought to survive in continued Ages of Mongol Khanate and Qing Dynasty Chinese influences from the Eurasian steppes, competing against Catholic trade who were allied to Middle and East Asia partners, attempting to barter and maneuver with Arabian Monarchs and South African clans, it was initially a collaborative effort of Northland Maori Iwi that founded a historical South Pacific-Britanic partnership. The alliances eventually led to the creation and signing of a nationally founding document.
At the end of the first great series of a "Maori Territorial Arms Wars" (Maori Musket Wars) consisting of over three thousand conflicts, a disagreement within the Nga' Puhi Iwi over future gains and land for which the new Capital of New Zealand was based upon, ceased temporarily, plans for further construction. The last conflict of the Maori Musket Wars has been named "The Girl's War" 1830 by The Duke Kawiti who intervened between the Iwi branches, owners of Kororareka region and parts of the Bay of Plenty. The Wars of Aotearoa New Zealand after 1845 who might at times underscore with the previous Maori mokomokai heading-hunting trade in body counts, and the numbers of Tomahawked men, appeal to history readers with the evolution of Maori Pa designs, award-able acts of women, Maori and Colonial Kiwi politics, English Law tactics, and battles that glorify alongside Greek tales of Thermopylae.
Aotearoa New Zealand and the Maori
Long before 1645, Maori Iwi lived and breathed the life of War and Mana, Maori Pa (fortified village or a military Pa: several types) covered both the northern and southern territories of the North isles. When the Dutch first encountered Maori, led by Abel Tazman, they recorded Maori Pa etched inside and on step pyramid man-shaped hills, able to be seen from the shores.
The Maori Rangihoua & Missionary Settlement seen
from the shores as new traders and sailors anchor off the coast
The Maori Iwi they encountered were in internal conflicts, which led to the Dutch being attacked. The first British settlers came with missionaries, those missionaries were The Church Missionary Society, later came the London Missionary Society. The first settlers became the NZ Colonials. The British Imperials (Crown workers) who were never friends of the Italian Roman Catholics (Invaders of Britain), sought new alliances and lands that the Spanish Catholics, French Catholics, or Muslims couldn't buy them out of in the mid 1800's, and with the help of some NZ Colonials, talks began to sign the Treaty of Waitangi. The NZ Colonials had already made local alliances over time, living through the Maori Musket Wars, and kept under protection by Maori Iwi authorities in the North Auckland regions.
Historian "As one can easily understand the Maori Lands had always been filled with conflict and paper Treaties meant less than actions. The Nz Colonials thought it nice to have support, but didn't trust fully the Imperials. The Imperials thought it a possible place to rule and tax, the allied Maori thought the same, to be at the top, and wished new players so to acquire new goods. Tensions arose out of mismanagement, and the British Imperials learned quickly that the Maori regions would render great loss"
The Declaration of Independence 1835
In 1834, Maori leaders at Waitangi and New settlers such as James Busby assembled under the Confederation of United Tribes. The signing of The Declaration of Independence was a first document in foreign relations between Northern Maori and Britainia. The document supported and recognized a growing Maori Nation, drafted in the company and witness of British officials who inked an english translation. Before 1835, shipping from Aotearoa had docking issues in undefined Australian settlement who weren't a confederated Australian nation until 1901. In 1835, Great Britain's King William IV signed The Declaration of Independence to the Maori Confederation of United Tribes under terms that would favor British Christian Protestant trade over French Catholic trade in the NZ region. In Eastern Polynesia, the French had made meaningful relations and the British were forbidden in many parts of the south other than Australia. The New Zealand country being an adopted national name from a Dutch Expedition, also one of the youngest forming nations in the world, began building in 1841-1843 new Government offices beginning at Kororareka City.
The Maori Declaration of Independence 1835
and the first founding document to a Maori Nation
Historian "The War of 1844 is sometimes dated as the beginning of the Maori Wars, however starting the Maori Wars in 1844 and not 1830, leaves out Nga Puhi setups for Government. Kororareka City was chosen as a first Capitol for its already thriving import-export sector and it's founding Maori members"
Treaty of Waitangi 1840
A protestant Mr. William Hobson was sent from Britain, a man of average height and stature, and a representative of the Christian British Crown met Maori Iwi at the summit-hui under the Maori Flag of Independence. Mr. Hobson was to be the first Governor of the first official British Colonial office if the Maori Treaty of Waitangi were to finish its proceedings without intervention. On February 6th, the Treaty was signed with representatives of Catholic France as witness while other Maori leaders, US. American, and Spanish ships were at dock at Bay of Plenty. The Treaty of Waitangi granted access to Aotearoa New Zealand and the Crown limited sovereignty within a Maori nation, however in other Treaties with Native peoples around the world in an alliance to the British Empire, their Treaties had not always been similar, and so many new foreigner English and newly settled British assumed that it was the Maori Native who had sovereignty under a new British New Zealand nation. The different versions of The Treaty of Waitangi, one in Maori language and one in english language had too, unfounded terms and questionable translations. The foreigner Colonials (early settlers) who had lived within Aotearoa NZ before the Treaty signing, knew well that Maori Iwi (clans) were the governing bodies across the many regions as did the original officials sent. Around a year later, The Waitangi Treaty was burned and almost lost from History in an attack by unknown opponents. British Imperial Colonial Offices in Auckland were also burned down in 1841 over disputed language. A British records Clerk named George Elliot rescued the Treaty of Waitangi, and the documents were held in secret, kept in an iron box to preserve the alliance with the high Maori leaders who were hard enough to persuade at the original Capitol meeting, and who may have rethought a new agreement a second time around. Long after the Maori Wars and conflicts, the founding National Aotearoa New Zealand documents were eventually transferred to Wellington Capitol.
The Aotearoa New Zealand Treaty of Waitangi saved from the flames after
opponents burned down British Imperial Colonial Offices
The Flagstaff War 1844 - First New Zealand Capitol City
As the Treaty of Waitangi bound on-going Northern Maori and Crown relations, there lacked an understanding of Maori Law and customs and the authority of Maori Lords was unwritten, to them, able to impose on any Government process, sometimes without a word spoken in debate. Maori saw the new British local law enforcement as "funny looking men" and paid them little mind when they spoke out of place. Maori of the Kororareka region began wanting reports of incoming Euro-immigration to understand more the incoming trades. As time passed newly imported British Statesmen and Nobles were given leading positions in the new allied NZ regional only Government. The new immigrated English patrons weren't accustom to being under Maori authority and in no time made their first mistakes by lobbying their own policies without going through the traditional Maori channels. New proposals to Law by the English were mostly ignored reflecting their current unimportant standing. The Imperial Colonial Offices overseas, persons in London, still had links to newly established offices in Auckland (after the 1841 Burning of the Treaty) and were in connection to new British Statesmen sent, who advised more aggressive action. The Imperial political network which had an impossible task in understanding the different Maori regional politics were to be the ones managing campaigns in the new New Zealand Government, initially an Allied Maori, Colonial, and British Capitol City at Kororareka.
Englishmen and British officials in retaliation to their political and social position and to gain a grip on Capitol City affairs began reinforcing the local Police Magistrate Authority, once looked on as the funny men, soon expanded in ranks and Police leads were loyal to select heads of office. Then after a confidence of local authority was established British Counsel-men ordered the posting of Magistrates, aided by military regiment on Kororareka City grounds instructed to guard a dazzling new "British flagstaff". The Imperial flag which was planted with provocative intention, made the statement they wanted but none predicted well the outcome, and it was clear then that some British leaders had thoughts of making the Capital region theirs alone. The Maori simply took down with warning the first flagstaff flying British colors on July 8th, 1844. In mid-August of 1844 just 5 weeks after the first falling of the flag, full Britannic rebellion had rallied within their circles using the flag-opposition as excuse, a flag they themselves had risen to start an open conflict and the 99th and 96th Imperial regiment was sent to reinforce the Magistrate police. The new NZ Flag-staff Affray being reported overseas with bias of Maori hostile influences allowed more British troops to ship through New South Wales Australia, also the reinforcement supported a new representative, a Mr. Governor Fitzroy. Mr. Fitzroy then convened with local Maori Iwi authorities on the current state of affairs, no issues resolved. A second Flagstaff was built and removed again by Maori.
At the beginning of 1845 in January the flag staff was slapped down once more, after being rebuilt a third time becoming a regional attraction by the third event. The triple fall said again to the entire city that old local Maori-way had the true power in Kororareka Capitol City and that England's Colonial office's political games had no real bite.
Historian "A third attempt to raise a British flag over the city was by no means wanted, more a face saving attempt that a greedy and uneducated few influential Englishmen had demanded, this time in reinforced iron castings. It was then pulled out again."
The flagstaff was rebuilt for the very fourth and last time, guarded by English Royal Navy and an overall troop number of 350 soldiers. The fourth raising shown far from playful and the Maori leader Hone Heke and forces treated the move as a grave example, descending down into their city dealing out punishments.
In March, Hone Heke attacked the fourth flagstaff and eliminated fully the 350 English militant guard while The Duke Kawiti and armed forces set ablaze British suburban homes and the inner city shops of Kororareka. The Maori swept through killing foreign looking males, confiscating items of worth for their troubles, and taking personal trophies of war. After the police magistrates and Flagstaff guard were killed, nothing stood between them and their will. One central part of the city was left untouched for NZ Colonial missionary allies (Euro-Pioneers settled there before the Crown arrived), an honorable order by the Maori that good people of God shall not be disturbed, and refugees could rest under the church's care without fear. Foreign women were aided toward church grounds. By the end of the raid, the city was gone, residents who were loyal to the Crown fleeing, the British Imperial flag was pulled down but not burned, shamed by foot and soaking in the wet Kororareka mud, purposely left for all to witness.
Political tantrums began to overseas British home offices as soon as reports could be dispatched, and the blame was fingered to almost everyone except those Maori who had attacked, too fearful that their words if intercepted might incite more punishment, a city legally owned by Hone Heke. In another blunder of intelligence the British offices confronted the Maori-man Pomare, a high-status figure who's stance during the attacks was neutral and uninvolved. Elder Pomare was one of the people in the city who could break or save British alliance efforts, able to negotiate an agreement with other high Maori ranks. However, the allegations argued at Pomare did not sit well, and the Allied Maori leader Tamati Waka Nene had to travel down to bring back order. Waka Nene was more well known among the allied Nz-Colonials, his intervention was welcomed, sorting out the panic and Pomare was then beseeched to accompany efforts to the second New Zealand Capitol city, chosen to be in Auckland, a city known in Oceania as "The hellhole of the Pacific". Auckland then became the new hub of Allied Maori, Nz-Colonials, and new Britains.
Aftermath and Fall of the First Nz Capitol
The British offices who had recently fallen under siege were then to retreat and relocate to Auckland under the protection of Tamati Waka Nene Maori Allied. The remaining British military worked in sync to investigate the attackers. It was found that British War Ships were docked, fully armed, and in range in the harbor by Kororareka. The standing Governor Fitzroy in a move of self preservation, fitted the blame on missionaries acquainted to Maori opponents, Lieutenant Philpotts, and eyed Pomare and Henry Williams and family, overlooking the early provoking events. Reports were countered and facts shifted to local media, yet there was still an "Auckland-panic" and foreign settlers began leaving Northern New Zealand. The numbers of Maori who invaded along with counts of British dead and wounded were unnamed, hoping to lessen the full impact of British losses.
Henry Williams wrote to E.G. Marsh on the 28th of May 1846, a year after the Invasion of Kororareka stating that "The flag-staff in the Bay is still prostrate [face down], and the natives here rule. These are humiliating facts to the proud Englishman, many of whom thought they could govern by a mere name"
Governor Fitzroy (English Governor for British public only) was blamed for much of the poor management by home offices in Britain, replaced eventually with Governor Grey. Fitzroy did at one point attempt at offering a generous bounty on Hone Heke, hoping an assassin, or rival Maori Iwi would take up the cause. The move was seen as "very English" and the militant Hone Heke then in a playful response put a similar bounty on Governor Fitzroy. Eventually relieved of his duties, Fitzroy would retreat back to England and begin new employment in 1848 after several other political affrays in Nelson and Taranaki.
The New Flags of Kororareka - The City of Russell
After the Fall of Kororareka city, the British Flag was never raised again to barter their politics, instead The Aotearoa New Zealand Flag was official in 1902 and flew its colors over the new city of Russell. The Tino Rangatiratanga Flag was also raised much later to represent new Maori politics.
The Nelson Colony violations 1843-1844
The Nelson affray has been also called The Wairau Affray 1843, or The Wairau Massacre of 1843. The New Zealand Company (formed in England) who invested in the Nelson settlement under their own leasing terms with Ngati Toa landlords, proposed to expand. The Nelson Colony was situated on the coast, where growing whale port and shipping businesses were paying Harbor-dues for vessels anchoring. In the expansion plans the aim of the New Zealand Company was to own the Harbor, have complete autonomy over future city public works and law enforcement, grow its borders to buy, lease-out lands, and collect tax. Nelson Colonial Industrialists who operated the expansion in hopes of future crown protection began a campaign through media outlets that "The Treaty of Waitangi" allowed them a foot-hold into purchasing Maori Lands, legally untrue. The campaign for Land ownership from Ngati Toa then became a useful campaign-hitch to attract ranchers and farmers. The Maori Wars are still at times interpreted as the "Maori Land Wars".
Te Rauparaha of Ngati Toa who in 1820-1830 campaigned through much of the Southern parts of the Northern island, and who's Iwi reached the south island to capitalize on jade mining, was the authority on Nelson city land affairs. The nephew Te Rangihaeata of Te Rauparaha also supported the lands be of continued use through lease agreements only, and warned that if any further steps to undermine lands rights were taken by the New Zealand Company and Nelson Colony, that the region would be swept over with eviction of all business and resident functions.
In 1843, Captain Arthur Wakefield was sent by the New Zealand Company to "handle the problem", and push a survey of the lands, incapable of understanding the new dire situation, and of the risk for which he and his companions pressured forward. Arthur Wakefield continued with the survey with an estimated three parties of strong-men at arms, while at the same time initiating discussions, claiming to own a fraudulent deed, and not waiting until discussions had concluded. The surveyors were caught and Arthur and his men were rounded up, equipment destroyed by Ngati Toa, and dumped back in Nelson as a polite warning. The Captain Wakefield, unharmed but undoubtedly enraged, self-deputized a posse of men and masked its legality on his employers authority alone, and armed to his side Magistrate Henry Thompson. The posse hiked to Te Rauparaha's encampment on the hillsides, claiming an official legal arrest, dead or alive was not defined, on land, as all would agree that was still fully under ownership of Ngati Toa, never a price even negotiated. In the first rounds of fighting, the posse shot dead Te Rangihaeata's wife Rongo. The Nelson posse then retreated after the first nightly volleys fired, losing the stand-off, then out-footed quickly and Ngati Toa subdued their enemies attempting to escape.
The 60-plus Nelson posse were then killed, bodies mutilated over the death of a chief's wife, who was shot in the dark from behind. Word of Te Rangihaeata's "Utu" (revenge killings), his reason for an old Maori-way of justice was understood by all of the Northern Allied Maori and the old Kororareka region. However the Maori-way of putting the 60-men to death, which included men with Police Magistrate relations, surveyors with city relations, and official British Imperial militants who collaborated in the lynch posse, became a major issue, even though most of the sentences were carried out upon the night caught.
Aucklandites and Welsh families related to the un-known status of the Nelson posse, begged Governor Fitzroy to manage their personal claims and wronged events, who he himself could only plead for financial and more military support from a homeland English resource. The aftermath problem lingered until 1844.
Hearings over the Nelson Massacre finally announced that the Nelson lynch posse of men led by Arthur Wakefield were "guilty", and that they themselves were solely responsible for their own tragic deaths at the Nelson Colony Affray. The final court verdict cut-off responsibility for Imperial British offices, the Welsh families had to comply, and justice remained in Ngati Toa jurisdiction, making Te Rangihaeata's actions legal who carried out sentencing on that day.
The first Provincial Government Splits 1846
Amongst the political aftermath of the fall of Kororareka, and with the spread of further conflict, the first provincial regions were mapped out to help define jurisdiction, hoping to define if or any legal parameters that would or could apply to land and domestic issues. The majority of foreign settlers in Aoteaora New Zealand at the time had no intentions of following British law again, having left to other parts of the world for a better future, slightly favoring more the American-way, but who currently held with their local Maori Law. However, with the increase of population and trade, all settlers, including Maori, needed an agreed upon legal system. The agreed upon legal system, jurisdiction, borders, etc. was a considerable pool of problems, and an origin of the storm. The first mapping attempts were in 1846, the lines were drawn out in a 2-way split, one country area for Aucklanders, the other for the unsigned Maori Iwi and future southern Kingites. Meetings on the first lines drawn were dismissed. Simply the facts lay down that reassessment was needed at a later date, and it was impossible at that point in time to map out the law.
The Magistrate Beckham Incident
One of the founding Maori fathers in The Declaration of Independence and a supporter and signee of The Treaty of Waitangi, was the leader Patuone of Ngati Hao. His status was of a "Duke among Dukes" as he was in relation to Tamati Waka Nene, and ancestral in rank and relation to Hone Heke. Among his birth standing, lay out a river of historical events involving the very founding of the new New Zealand Government, to War decorations that hoisted him into legend, one being a hand-to-hand combat with Tatakahuanui during his campaigns with Nga Puhi. In 1819, Patuone had patronned a trade centre after investments into the Grain industry from New South Wales. Since the 1820s-1840s Patuane fought and leaded several impacting wars, protecting allied British missionaries, Scottish lumber partners, while expanding in trade with Sydney Australia, where his son kept business. In 1845, after the Invasion of Kororareka by Hone Heke and The Duke Kawiti, a common police Magistrate named Thomas Beckham, boasted for crown law, insulting several highly ranked Maori and Government officials, and then as if on mission, attempted at arresting the elder Patron Patuone. As word of the arrest of a Maori statesman was heard in North Island, the Ngati Paoa campaigned the invasion of the city of Auckland. The Governor Grey had already relieved the Policeman Beckham, who was then demoted to an unrecognized rank, and Patron Patuone became the senior negotiator on Auckland's behalf.
Invasion of the Second NZ Capitol in Auckland 1851
Ngati Paoa Fleet set route to Auckland City, the new Capitol of New Zealand location, directly after several reports of Auckland police Magistrates having taken legal privileges with their positions, and made unwarranted arrests, one being patron Patuone and the other Chief Hoera. The Ngati Paoa were one of the Iwi in control of the entire Hauraki Gulf and the Great Barrier Island region. Chief Hoera had in an act tryed to discuss the accusation of young Ngawiki's arrest, who was literally pointed at "on the street", as a thief. Chief Horea was hit on the head during his arrest, accused of obstructing, then was set free within 24 hours, but the reports were already out to Ngati Paoa, Ngati Whanaunga, and Ngati Tai parties. The "Auckland Magistrate incidents" then grew from a local matter to requiring the attention of Tamati Waka Nene and Allied forces, the honorable Governor Grey and military under his command. The word was then sounded that a Fleet of Ngati Paoa was on course to level Auckland City, as they had stopped to recruit the Ngati Whauta. The Ngati Paoa arrived with 6 "Great Waka Taua", each able to hold 75-100 Maori warriors, with 25 more "escorting Waka" fully loaded. Some of the Maori leaders which stood upon each Great Waka afront were more fathering signees to a founding national document, The Treaty of Waitangi, making the matter a political scare for the entire Northern Region, an apocalypse of Auckland. Upon their landing in April 17th 1851, a Haka was roared in challenge as they positioned on the beach, the TuTuwaewae hit the shores and shouts of introduction speeches began immediately. The only force to support Auckland city were left-over troop guards, unqualified magistrates without a lesson in war, spotted militia from neighboring settlements, and one single frigate, the HMS Fly. If not for Maori Allied protection and advising governance, Auckland city would have fallen that day in 1851, most likely from another act of foolish risk and a devotion to a master's crown law.
The Maori Invasion of Auckland city 1851: A Maori army invading the 2nd
New Zealand Capitol city at Auckland with Ngati Paoa and Allies
On the other end of the bayonet, the invaders had the ability to unite the Hauraki Gulf. It was Mana they were after, and an apology and assurance of future control over low-management Magistrate actions. The politics at the shores were settled solely between the head representatives and fathering figures, privately met, peace-pacts made, much of the formal discussions assumed, negotiations held in quite room after the beach had been invaded, all for the sake of continued order and trade in Auckland. Without the commercial trade and secured port locations in Auckland, no campaign to further a Maori allied and Imperial Government would have been able to attempt proceeding.
The 6 Provincial Governments 1852
In 1852, a second attempt at defining jurisdiction were lined out, this time in 6 parted regions. Maori regions were then mapped into provincial governances, separate in authority, systematic process, run by "local law and order" of the land. The regions were so far different that across the border may lay a future Maori Monarch, while in Auckland province, the most recent Capitol of NZ Government, a counsel of founders shaped a new Auckland parliament to govern the region, an alliance of Allied Maori, British, and Nz Colonials. The 6 regional borders lined out again a possible future of New Zealand, a 6-way separate future.
The Maori King and The Victorian Lime 1850s
In the early 1850's, the Taranaki and Waikato Iwi revived an ancient forum among their own region's powers. The counsels held immensely heavy hitting names and families, a historical event even in opposing Maori regions. The counsels included men of Maori lordship and men with equivalent Admiral star rank, seasoned War names, who's experience if tallied together, gave off a sickening feel of invincibility, belittling their Auckland neighbors. From Rangiao-whia a letter to Wiremu Kingi Moki Te Matakatea, a Taranaki Maori Leader said “Friend, I have to tell you that the Council has agreed to visit you, and that a King has arisen for New Zealand—laws [ Aotearoa-laws] have been agreed upon and the authority of the land has been vested in the King throughout his territory"
At the meeting at Rangiaowhia 1,529 senior elders were seen to bend their high knees to the revered Great King Potatau, and at the forum at Ngaruawahia 860 more leaders gave their submission under a new Maori Monarch, a southern Aotearoa Government of only Maori Iwi.
All the while in Great Britain, the Imperial British isles came under Plague and disease, suffering in the 1858 Great Stink. The Imperial Crown campaigns which had focused on tax, land, and trade expansion, oppressed it's academics and confined local city official powers to a point where even basic sewage was overlooked. The Fine Arts and Sciences, innovation for a progressive future and cultural appreciation for their allies, were replaced with a hunger for status, espionage (book translation and social studies on areas of new trade), military business, and cheap or indentured labor schemes.
The British Great Stink: The London Anglo-Plague of 1858
and death on the Thames River
Epidemic outbreaks building up to 1858 never registered as a national emergency, the pompous grand-standing image that Great Britain was an incomparable empire, along with religious thumping mutter, reduced the British Imperial public into feces drinking "Vessels of Cholera", a people poisoned by their own filth and excrement. The Thames River flowing through London was filled to the banks with garbage from the city and with human, horse, and rat waste. Thousands lay sick and dying who lived near it's gasses. Near the bridges there rolled dense clouds of disease said Michael Faraday (a British academic of the times). The famous Victorian era of London, a lime juiced molting pit able to be smelled within the House of Lords. Insults arose from the British public themselves, calling the Englishman "Limey bastards", over the attempt to cover-up their homeland poor management smell of toileted streets, with lime juice. Common born Londonites who had so desperately needed the streets to be cleansed and an underground disposable system to be built in-place, were cursed with birth defects, infants with diphtheria, and scrofula became apart of comic strips in the press in the late 1850's. The conditions were reported to have remained still in 1882, with no public works solutions, only a Crossness Pumping station which spewed the sludge further into the rivers closer to sea, effecting the northern coastal Kent region and the Isle of Sheppey. Between 1850 and 1860, estimated millions of Europeans immigrated toward fresh starts and better lives in the developing northern states of America.
The Taranaki campaigns 1860-1866
The 1860's resulted in the most devastating losses to privileged classes, both in Europe and to any wealthy plantation owner making his means off unpaid labor. America started its Civil War in 1861, freedom for Blacks and the forming of a true United States began to forge itself as a free-world order, where all men were to be measured equal. After President Lincoln waged and won a moral U.S. American War, but was killed in 1865, General Ulysses S. Grant became President of the United States directly after after a corrupt vice-President was impeached. Grant was elected to carry on Lincoln's legacy. The President Grant and administration worked on securing relations within the nation, as well as outside the nation, and formed political friends as far as Eastern Samoa. Within Britain, parliament of the common-man voice was taking control pressuring reform acts, and the Democratic labor force marched into crown and noble law, through to 1866. The famous English writer Charles Dickens (1812-1890) wrote descriptively of privileged classes, snobs of society, blinded by materials and decor while much of their fellow man died in dramatic poverty, British Slums, where rats and mice shared pestilence under ignorant governing Lords.
As Democratic Socialist movements and hard Socialist movements hovered over old noble Crown politics in Europe and neighboring regions, the far-away Aotearoa New Zealand country had still opportunity for a "grab what you can, if you can" style campaign, and so Lt. Colonel Sir Thomas Gore Brown was ordered by his Sir knighted betters overseas to colonize the already existing independent NZ New Plymouth Colony, and then expand (populated by a mix of foreign euro-brethren), to him and his masters, a free-to-rule common persons Colony under Crown jurisdiction.
Englishman Sir Thomas Gore Browne was less of a militant sacrificial-pon. His expertise in Army affairs was purely for "military business", a man working for even higher English title, objectively to help him climb a financial ladder, through War, always a safe seat behind a battle front-line, as nobles do and always hope for.
Over an attempted 600 acre purchase, through Thomas Gore Browne's new title as New Plymouth Governor and through Robert Parris, is how the Taranaki Wars began. Wiremu Kingi Te Rangitake, a senior Maori of noble status, warned before hand their campaigns to halt for Britain's health. Browne began his scheme by claiming a false gift of land, similar to the first fraudulent claims that started the Nelson Affray. Browne with no success in meetings and trick politics, then declared "Martial law" and under armed force, drafted the European New Plymouth settlers, ordering all males willing or not from ages of 16 to 55, to be at arms and liable for service. New Plymouth settlers had then three options of "Fight Maori, flee, or die by Martial punishment". Britain's best Warships were called in as the Taranaki Wars were to be the greatest campaigns since the Glorious Revolution against Catholic France. The ships The Niger, The Iris a 26-gun sailing frigate, The Cordelia, The Pelorus, and later the Crown government's finest "The Victoria” came from Melbourne Australia.
Historian "The Taranaki War is one of such great importance for its lessons of humility, with mixed tales of Maori honor, a hard humbling war for the English. The Taranaki campaign included quiet negotiations with the new Maori Monarch along with several attempts at an alliance. The Maori Kingite Country was found though closer to Heaven, than on a shared battle field with British. The British were unranked in that region who's colonies since the 1700s had lived under the protection of a senior Maori Iwi, and the new Taranaki War was by far their first, more their 3,100th at the very least in witness, in under 150 years. Maori Allied and Auckland Patron Patuone still advised in council. Between 1860 and 1863, the Taranaki region became A transformed Landscape of Maori Pa".
First Battle in Taranaki War 1860 - Te Kohia Pa
Before the War began, Sir Browne had lost. Under financial limits is why martial law was enacted, and Browne was using white NZ Colonial pakeha drafted militia from their New Plymouth settlements for frontline offense and to carry-out survey missions. Browne was also being observed by Sir Thomas Simpson Pratt, a General in rank, and historically a noble man who despised every action of his Taranaki assignment because of Gov. Browne's spreading reputation. It was after all, a war based on a supposed land deposit of 100lbs and the possibility of only acquiring 600 acres, should anyone survive. The first shots were fired on March 17th 1860 when a troop of 80 Maori, under command of Te Ati Awa, destroyed Browne's survey equipment and built an entire standard "L" Pa seemingly in a single night. The "L" Pa was 110 feet in length, and 33 feet in width on each of its "L" extensions. The standard "L" Pa had a double row of palisades with the interior having built-in rifle trenches and rifle pits. Encased in the middle were 10 anti-artilery bunkers for cover while heavy fire commenced and always built-in was a hidden or protected supply and escape passage. An entire day of ceaseless fire of rockets (British version of field rocket), cannons, rifles and two 24 pound howitzers targeted the Pa (Maori-Polynesian Fort) perimeter on the idea the Maori Pa was a point of advance.
Historian on Maori Traditional Warfare "Maori ways of War were found to be importantly different after the battle had ended. As long one had arms and legs the fight could go on according to Maori, and money was not needed to War, only food supplies, of which many of the Maori Pa were designed to protect. Like watering holes"
Charles Emilius Gold, under Browne gave orders to continue attacks, both over payed for the result, and both ridiculed in the press after it was published that the Maori Pa they'd just attacked was empty most of the battle. Gold's first battle was a great loss of imported weaponry, and their campaign continued to be costly without understanding Maori strategy.
Encountering the Polynesian Maori style settlement and
fort: The Maori Te Kohia "L" Pa design
Historian "The Maori leader of that party, Te Ati awa, had pulled a brief skirmish fight to cause Gold's men to take cover, but had then left the Pa, and was observing the battle in comfort, watching the way the British attacked. It was warned that Maori at times built entire Pa to provoke the fight and claim the first move, as well as parading Pa as a monument to their capabilities, and using points to reveal their enemy's tactics. When researching Maori Wars, one will find a great many Maori Pa labeled 'Captured', this is because at this point in the War, British thought that winning a Maori Pa was an advantage, trying to hoist a flag. When Maori abandoned a Pa, British reports would claim the skirmish a win, where Maori considered a win by what their Iwi deemed accomplished. Somewhere around the middle of the Wars they learned Maori used Pa more like fashion, and a change of clothes was easy and quick, and designing a new Pa was a joyful challenge to their military reputations (Maori Allied most likely began informing). There's even cases where instead of taking over British Forts, which would have been costly, Maori simply built a fort next door, or 3-4 around the Fort, and antagonized their neighbors into a rage. Throughout the Maori Wars the British would see Maori Redoubts and Maori Pa so fascinating that studies were asked to be made directly after contact. During the Gate Pa battle, the entire experience was reported on from beginning to end"
Taranaki during it's War at new Plymouth
Outskirts of New Plymouth were attacked and upon the arrival of Browne and company, the Colony was surrounded by insurgent Maori. The region was filled with Maori Pa in a short time having an already healthy chain of materials.
"The New Plymouth history is indeed prideful of this time period, as they were put to several tests. One, how to deal with the Martial Law imposed by a sketchy Colonel at gun point, and two, how to deal with the Maori attackers who might be the well minded saviors, but would not hesitate to kill when enraged from battle. Although the British Imperial Troops were supposed to be the more experienced, the local New Plymouth militia and civilian towns people, strapped under Browne's martial law, took the lead, and proved more capable under attack, and built a defense well enough to save their families."
The local New Plymouth battle experience came from being among Maori skirmishes for so long. New Plymouth who took lead began what history has called "Impressive preparation", so it was reported, saving the over-rated British soldiered regulars. The New Plymouth Militia who was being pushed inward into old areas of the colony, used one of the founding structures of the New Plymouth Colony, which happened to be an old Maori Pa. The settlers referred to the Maori Pa as "Marsland Hill" before it's refortification use, but it became known as "Pukaka" and was then the very frontal defense. Ngaturi Pa was rebuilt into the Omata Stockade.
At the beginning of the Battle of Waireka, the tides worsened. The events so far by the opposing Maori forces were done only with a hundred or so at most by Nga Mahanga, headed by Kingi, Paretane and Perere. The Maori King country were not involved, and did not engage, but had reports coming through the lines.
Historian "There were several attempts to ally with the Maori Kingites, to help join British and the already Northern Allied Maori, but no reply can be confirmed."
The Taranaki Maori forces attacking were the smaller but still deadly Iwi. In a formidable move, the Ngati Ruanui then sent 500 warriors to the field who began immediately building the Great Kaipopo Pa, a new Pa with a message that stationed on high, overlooking New Plymouth and the entire battle, an admirals view of events. This new Pa was a mount, to claim the region. At that point, depleting New Plymouth opposition of their supplies was an easy tease and opposing Maori had built a dominating position.
For an instant, incoming reports of the British HMS Niger ship moving to reopen a shipping route, with Captain Peter Cracroft, gave hope as they brought more heavy artillery, another costly shipment. The hope dwindled as the new British reinforcements too, had fired their 24 pounders and rockets into empty Pa along the route to help New Plymouth, depleting their intended support before arriving to their destination. The incoming units too, were unaware the Pa were empty, or that there may have been food storage holds within perimeter. The opposing Maori flags in the Pa on route were collected and one was used to receive a Victorian cross by William Odgers. That Pa was also reported later to have been empty with only an old Maori man sitting in waiting. The Maori man sitting in waiting was an old High Chief, and used his last breath to laugh and curse the new British, making known his Mana had helped ruin them.
As Captain Peter crossed to reinforce New Plymouth, a shameful act of Lt. Colonel Murray was witnessed and reported. As the local New Plymouth militia of men had advanced to active front lines, and were out of ammunition (supplies to a near end), and were cornered at Jury's farmstead by Ngati Ruanui Iwi headed by Te Hanatau, no rescue by the British regulars had been attempted. British Lt. Colonel Murray recalled his men and retreated before dark set, who had been firing at a safe long distance, supposedly reaching Kaipopo Pa and left the New Plymouth militia for dead.
There were also stranded settlers with a Reverend Brown and a Reverend Gilbert, who had Maori amnesty, and who could not be touched by any opposing Maori warrior according to the chiefs, and or anyone under their protection. Eventually the Reverends simply "walked in the open" with their flock of refugees to New Plymouth, tired of waiting for the Gov British to send an escort. The Reverend when asked how they made it back to New Plymouth grounds, claimed they were perfectly safe under Maori war law. Maori honor and Mana was maintained that day in Taranaki, and envied by the greener British regulars.
Puketakauere War in Taranaki
In June of 1860 the Taranaki Maori had built upon every strategic commanding high point in the region, at least one major Pa fortification. In New Plymouth, the circumstances were left patiently, not one needless attack was made by Maori and New Plymouth sat in cramped and unprogressive conditions, punished to facing a corner wall alone.
On another block of battle, two pillars of twin Pa had been resurrected on commanding hill-points, able to be seen from camp Waitara. The well dressed TWIN-Pa of Puketakauere and Onukukaitara were only 200 yards apart, almost identical. The battle began with shelling the nearest Pa to British entrance, who with great over confidence by Major Nelson Thomas, Charles Emilius Gold, and Captain Messenger concluded their disruptive attack was preventing the completion of the Pa design. Then with howitzers the British created a stream of kinetic fire, separating their front lines with Maori front palisades, which were in fact being reinforced, but not the "focal function" of the twins.
Both Maori Pa were basic square designs and in contrast to the landscape, it was perceived by British Commanders the Pa were flawed by their location, easily allowing them to be surrounded or spear headed through, hoping to force an open retreat so to "teach the troublesome natives a lesson they would not forget" (implying a bloody fate). Supporting after the howitzer assault the spear heading strategy enacted in a double pronged formation, a full rush where at one point the large assault would split into 2 streams of advancement, storming the hills of Taranaki. A glorious tale to be if it was to play out as planned. A force of 300 British regulars, commanded by the elite, courageously raiding land not their own, upon the native powers, rushing the twin Maori Pa. As the British came in range of Maori muskets the full design function of the twin Pa unveiled and Ngati Maniapoto had set about the terrain elaborate death traps. Before the British attacked the Pa fortification, they had not noticed the extent of underground rifle trenches dug around both twins, used to defend both points, and to attack at any angle, which were covered over (such as dugouts in the Vietnam War). The twin Maori Pa forts were being used as dummies, while the real Maori forces were underground, protected by half circle tunnels, connecting trenches, and pits to the main redoubt and to other outworks to counter any flank assault, some with reinforced palisades, some without. The Maori forces were poking up out of the ground, firing from unseen points by the British rush, who also fell in brush covered pits as they ran in.
The British frontal assault had stepped on a great trench dug snake, first poisoned by shots and then downed by the pits, falling in rows were the British regulars. Captain Messenger had led regiment behind in a swamped area hoping to catch in fire any possible escaping Maori to their assault, but while the frontal assault lay down dead, so did the units trying to take the back. The muddied swamp, a terrain created by the Maori using a flooding tact, entrapped Captain Messenger's men who were stuck or slowed to a crawl by the heavy dirt, and the saying "fish in a barrel" expressed the other side of the battle field. The commencing battle upon the twin constructions is still historically regarded as proof the English military education was without a doubt inadequate, and on the contrary, the "Maori Art of War" was on display, showing the Europeans had never learned it. The numbers rendered a horrifying review and in a logical stance, the British military covered up the death tolls and exaggerated the Maori losses. Results for Maori at the most had been 5-8 wounded or dead, while the battle at Taranaki for the British measured priceless and in the hundreds.
Taranaki War late 1860-1861
By 1861 in march, the Taranaki war shown an ugly result for British military reputations, and the Maori King Country appeared already the victor and the ruling region, without even the major Opposing Maori leaders proclaiming or engaging in battle. The Maori Kingites were gaining steadily more in favor from neutral standing Maori regions as well. The NZ media had done their part, not sparring Browne's incompetence, and although a truce was flagged, it was a flag of defeat. Shame set in for British Colonial offices, an unlivable experience, who were a department of advisers to various Lords and knighthoods. The British military had engaged to smite its enemy, only able to scratch the less in number Taranaki parties. Taranaki Maori who had engaged, did so with Mana and had come out honorable mentions as New Plymouth remained neutralized but unharmed, and were not bullied after their loss. In late 1861, Governor Thomas Gore Browne was replaced and banished, formally rerouted to an obscure island post, near Australia in Tasmania. It was a retirement of shame to be moved to an isolated assignment, hidden by his own military and made a social outcast. Although for a few months there was no major wars, Northern Auckland Colonial militia skirmishers were organized as patrol and mixed with Police magistrate forces. The defenses that were being slowly made through the locals were for a new British commander, a General Sir Duncan Cameron, a man who's military reputation preceded him to the New Zealand regions, a coming savior from the Crimean Wars.
According to author James Cowan "Before the winter of 1861 most of the troops in Taranaki were withdrawn to Auckland, Colonel Warre remaining in New Plymouth with his regiment, the 57th. Major-General Pratt left for Melbourne after the arrival of a new Commander-in-Chief, Lieut.-General Sir Duncan Cameron, who had led the 40th Regiment at the Battle of the Alma, and the Highland Brigade at Balaclava and the siege of Sebastopol. Many of the troops sent to Auckland were employed on the Great South Road, which was being cut through the forest from Drury to the Waikato River. In Taranaki the Atiawa were amicable, but the Ngati-Ruanui and their kin remained unfriendly."
New tactical plan: The Great South Road of Cameron
In 1861-62, most of the British Imperial forces and reinforcements were sent to a new project that included hard labor under General Sir Duncan Cameron, who wanted to construct "The Great South Road", the name even had an Imperial British touch, sneaking in the word "Great". With 1700 men on one side of the project, the man power totaled 2,300 between Dury and the Pokeno Queens redoubt. They predicted the new road was the only means possible by which any convoy or regiment could reach Waikato King territory that had begun to corner Auckland, being that the rivers and other routes were danger zones, and if disturbed, could spark more conflict by agitating the many neutral Maori Iwi.
As plans began into working construction efforts, the project gradually became seen as a ridiculous task to Allied Maori and NZ Colonials, advising the British Imperials it's future was a waste of resources. Construction had started in 1861-62 and was not finished even in 1863, and by then it was like scouting a slow turtle for the opposing Maori. It was surely no Blitz that had been planned said one historian, and The Great South Road of Cameron became a joke in 1863. War taunts and Maori battle cries sang with joy of having the Auckland region, who had claimed to be the Government, as worthless and no contest. Teasing the Imperials became a regular yip and yell before fights, always mentioning the road. Opposing Maori using parts of the road for their waste disposal (Cameron's road decorated with feces) and other parts of the road for war spoils. Cameron's road which was being built for the unseen future "Invasion into Waikato", was for far too long an elongated courtroom for hit-n-run battles. Having the attention of the entire northern island, News-media updates on the road's progress was a popular read for both Colonials and Neutral Maori. The Maori King country was soon reported to have in planning a ready "Counter-invasion of Auckland Capital", and they did, the plan being to use the same soiled road to invade Auckland after Cameron and supporters had paid for it's completion.
At the end of 1862 early 1863, many of the British soldiers had their own complaints of fighting a war to the death, building a road, and even growing food on land that would most likely, if the war was won, would be in the hands of Maori allied and the local NZ Colonial elite. At least 8-10 of the 57th regiment abandoned ranks to found their own fortunes in neutral standing Maori lands.
After a meeting of round table British Imperial commanders, there started a thinning of moral code, taking a stance that would seem to want to "kill all Taranaki and Waikato", partly because of the public pressure, being laughed into a militant prideful rage. The Imperials then flipped their law books into grey areas, instead of taking prisoners of war, of which the British could not afford to guard or house anyway, any opposing Maori were being labeled as rebels against a Government, so that they could be legally shot or hung for murder against his Majesty's army. Nz Colonials that were not involved in the War, young men or women, were at any time able to be called upon to serve the Imperial cause. A recorded instance involved young Hori Teira who had been ambushing supply and mail routes. In August 1863, the Southern Cross Newspaper published an ad for volunteers to the Forest Rangers, to carry out illegal war practices that the general military book advised against. The militia Forest Rangers then began playing bush-war under training of British Lt. William Jackson, subsequently opening up the war to a lawless one of raids, looting, and sacred site burning. The campaign for Forest Ranger volunteers did not detail that it was the youngest Maori warriors who were given mail, supply, and small convoy ambush missions, for which the volunteers were recruited against.
The allegiances of some Church missionary in Taranaki were beginning to confirm to favor Auckland regions between 1861-1863, and with the changing stances from the British Army, the new Forest Ranger tactics, and the betrayal of some church missionaries, the feared "Pai Marire Religion" was founded by opposing Maori in late 1862, early 1863.
The Pai Marirae Cult - Another War
With many of the civil rules of War being crossed, the Pai Maire Movement began with crazed acts against the Colonials, Missionaries, and Imperials. A former Bible preacher "Tu Ua Huamene" began converting texts into a Maori faith that supported his own campaigns, and his targets were not linked to the main battles of the major Wars, a dark-horse that was gaining as an uncontrollable political force. Tu Ua was also a student of many Maori ancient teachings and mixed sermons with the War tactics of Pa building, moving from area to area building his own worshiping posts and even church locations where followers would hear of the British Infidels, dreams of Maori prosperity, and visits of Angels. Unseen before flags appeared with their campaigns with religious hynms being sung during marches. Neutral Maori were the targets of conversion to the religion who was sweeping the East Coast, and after a new horde had been formed who's mind was washed, battles ensued against those who were not of Maori or Polynesian heritage.
"It was what the Allied Maori warned the British about, that without rules, the worst and most barbaric blood-thirst would begin to arise, and here was what many saw as the start of the old Maori Wars, the Wars before these New Zealand Wars, the old way that Polynesians do not talk about or record"
The Flags of mixed Maori faiths sewn
together during the Maori War for individual cults
General Cameron at Katikara Porou Pa
In June, a month before the Waikato Invasion campaign, General Duncan Cameron moved closer to the Tataraimaka block about a mile away. The General was warned previously to not attack that point, and it would seem that Governor George Grey had been in talks to end the War effort against some opposing Maori Iwi, or at least to have some switch to a neutral stance.
Sir George Grey, writing to the Secretary of State for the Colonies on 24th April, 1863: “My settled conviction is that the natives of the Waitara are in the main right in their allegations regarding the Waitara purchase, and that it ought not to be gone on with. … It does not involve any new acquisition of territory for Her Majesty and the Empire.” The Queen (Victoria 1819-1901), he pointed out, had no legal title to the land, and it seemed more than doubtful if any title could ever be given to her; and the block had never been paid for. Teira Manuka had only received a deposit of £100, and this the Government decided to relinquish"
Historian "Although the several summary on the politics of that time point to Grey as having moved forward into War, facts point to the British Army and General Duncan Cameron"
On the 4th of May 1863, one month earlier, a party of 30 warriors, blamed on Ngāti Ruanui Iwi, ambushed British soldiers at Ōakura Beach who had been trespassing, actions unsupervised. The attack on the British soldiers were by a neutral group of Maori, attacked not officially over the current war, but over trespassing their lands without persimmon. Any soldier or a neighboring Maori warrior would have been attacked who had not had been granted access.
Cameron who disregarded any advise, or attempted to understand any jurisdiction boundary, ordered on the morning of the 4th of June, a mass force of 873 troops from the 57th regiment, under Colonel Henry James Warre, and 70th regiments, to attack Porou pā. Grey had seen the assault from the HMS Eclipse and it is debated if Grey ordered warning shots against Cameron's display of madness, as there were men, women and young-lings or non-combatants in the Pa. The Pa was a "food storage Pa" with potato and corn stock being cultivated in the back, a village Pa, not a strategic domain, but a settlement Pa. As the non-warrior occupants left the back (women and children) 30 Maori brave men stayed behind and took stance, taking on almost 1,000 Imperials in a forward rush. An Ensign Duncan with fifty men who was ordered to take the rear and cut off the non-combatants (women and children), did not, and stayed only on the right flank. Twenty-eight of the brave Maori men were killed.
Historian "It has been recorded that Ensign Duncan was in a position of advantage, who for probably his own reasons, did not fully engage, he did not attack the women and children. Cameron at this time still didn't understand the Maori, and thought that killing any Maori would insight opposing Maori to rage forward. The results of his actions cost him allies, political standing at home with NZ Colonial missionaries including Gov. Grey, and the liberal groups. The act made him seem more Warlord-headed than a General ranked tactician, and his reputation standing was never the same after that"
Cameron then ordered 28 of the dead Maori bodies to be moved next to St. George's Redoubt, an amateur trap using the Maori dead, hoping a family related Maori force would claim them so the Maori in that Iwi could be ambushed (An English tact once used against Wars with Scotland and Ireland). The chances of stabilizing that small region through peace-talks or gaining some sub-Iwi to change military stances to neutral, ended with those acts of Cameron.
Account from a British Soldier:"The surviving Maoris, we heard afterwards, held a meeting at night in the bush, and they all decided to wage war to the uttermost in revenge for their losses that day”
“The Taranaki natives' position had not been completed when we attacked it. The place was about fifteen miles from New Plymouth, on the southern side of Tataraimaka and more inland. St. George's Redoubt at Tataraimaka was about a mile away. After leaving the redoubt our force had to cross a river and then advance in single file up a rough ferny ridge; at the top we halted so as to give the men time to come up, and it was a considerable time before we had enough men there to enable us to rush the pa. The distance we had to charge across the open was about 150 yards. In the meantime Ensign Duncan with fifty men of our regiment had been sent on to cut off the Maoris' retreat in the rear. Duncan marched up from the redoubt to within a short distance of the pa, but instead of taking post in the rear, as he should have done, he simply came up along right flank of the Maoris and rushed in at the front of it as we did. Had he done his duty properly the Maoris would have been surrounded, and probably the war would have ended there"
“The place, properly speaking, was not a pa, as there was no parapet or palisade. It consisted simply of trench-work and rifle-pits. The main trenches, about 4 feet wide or so, roughly formed three sides of a parallelogram, with the longer side on the front which we rushed. Inside the trenches was a series of rifle-pits—three or four of them and within again were two or three large wharepunis, sunk in the ground after the usual native fashion, with low roofs; they were thatched with raupo"
“We charged in across the trench with the bayonet, and the Maoris were soon bolting out at the rear. The glacis across which we rushed was a potato cultivation; on the south there was a maize-field. I saw one man running down across this field, and I took a shot at him and dropped him. By the time I had loaded again and caught up to my men we were in the pa. The whares were set fire to, or caught fire from the shooting close to the thatch, and as they burned the raupo fell in. There were several men's bodies under the burning debris when the fight was over"
Escalation to the Waikato War
Consequences for attacking Porous Pa were inevitable, and there was no doubt that Auckland would pay for Cameron's English manner, who would later understand the average courtesy opposing Maori had been giving he and his men. A new Maori "Pai Marire religion" had grown over night, and powerful leaders who were originally neutral, now became helping founders. It was the reports of Porou Pa that had reached many ears, landed in the press, and caught the attention of again many neutral and allied Maori. Cameron became a golden target, who's head became more valuable than almost 100 years of rival blood between several clans, and Auckland was pinned as the future stage for the first truly bloody purge of all foreigners.
Historian "Cameron was not aware that each Maori Iwi have their own independent Treaties, The Waitangi Treaty was just one single paper among many other long standing Treaties between neighboring Maori to each other, either having peace through marriages, or war friends by inter-married ranks. Cameron's act had started a chain reaction, but not the one he wanted. Now high ranked neutral standing Maori had to get involved into keeping up their law of lands, or retaliations would run rampant causing a new war with new Iwi involved."
War challenges were sent to Cameron, to Grey, to any officer and unit, using letters, messenger threats (a person who is ordered to carry a message by personal voice to another), or slain bodied examples as a trashing message (strung up bodies with a message). The messages sent were a different War of its own, men and settlement ambushed at random at every angle, in all areas, slaughtered people and domesticated animals strung up in gutted displays covered the Auckland regions and spread around the North island. The Pai Marire religion's followers became quickly known as Hau Hau who shared their chants and taunted anything unfamiliar. There were hopes by NZ Colonials that trophy hearts were not lay aside again as a tradition, to be apart of ritual during tattooing, blood soup drinking before battle, along with the two oldest war rights, the rights to eat and devour enemy or enslave them before death. Talks between neutral standing Maori became the work of the NZ missionaries. Although there had been instances throughout the Maori Wars, Chiefs who were reluctant to reduce their Mana to meet changing times, less head-cutting and less head-hunting times, it was now a certainty that British soldiers would become part of the food supply, and have their heads be degraded in an unimaginable manner. Cameron's men and loved ones were bountied, hoping to be caught alive after Porou Pa, to be enslaved and paraded around territories, sentenced to a short term of labor, and eventually beheaded, then after death his head to be subject to monthly mocking, sitting in secret room where enemies could gloat, and defile perversely on his bones.
Historian "New Zealand studies record well, Maori traditional butchering techniques for the human anatomy, parts cooked on underground ovens, dried in open, or smoked by fire, then packed neatly in flax lunch bundles as war rations."
Before in the 1820s-1845, the mokomokai head-hunting trade had reached Australia markets, Spanish collectors, American collectors, British collectors, and parts of Asia, banned in 1831 in New South Wales where the trade first branched out to the rest of the world. The earlier Maori Wars had produced banks of Heads, used as money being a valued item and as political gifts, which after 1863 looked to reemerge. If not for the current wars paralyzingly trade, and scaring off the most civil, British business would still be employing slaves as cheap labor, and paying the Maori masters percentages. A new campaign was noticed that year in 1863, one to single out the Allied Maori in the north, the hate term "Kupapa Maori" spread in 1863-1864, meaning traitor, to conjure and collaborate, describing territories of Te Arawa and Nga Puhi, allied Maori and administers to the forging NZ Government. This new campaign though had no effect in disheartening Nga Puhi having a history of the "Age of King Hongi" behind them, but instead worsened an unpredictable Maori war to come. On July 11th 1863, a deterrent letter was sent from Governor Grey to Waikato authorities over the complete sweep and enslavement of British foreigners in Waikato and all borderlands, again the results of the British army.
"Europeans living quietly on their own lands in Waikato have been driven away; their property has been plundered; their wives and children have been taken from them. By the instigation of some of you, officers and soldiers were murdered at Taranaki. Others of you have since expressed approval of these murders. Crimes have been committed in other parts of the Island, and the criminals have been rescued or sheltered under the colour of your authority.
You are now assembling in armed bands; you are constantly threatening to come down the river to ravage the Settlement of Auckland and to murder peaceable settlers. Some of you offered a safe passage through your territories to armed parties contemplating such outrages. The well-disposed among you are either unable or unwilling to prevent these evil acts. I am therefore compelled, for the protection of all, to establish posts at several points on the Waikato River, and to take necessary measures for the future security of persons inhabiting that district. The lives and property of all well-disposed people living on the river will be protected, and armed and evil-disposed people will be stopped from passing down the river to rob and murder Europeans. I now call on all well-disposed natives to aid the Lieutenant-General to establish and maintain these posts, and to preserve peace and order.
Those who remain peaceably at their own villages in Waikato, or move into such districts as may be pointed out by the Government, will be protected in their persons, property, and land.Those who wage war against Her Majesty, or remain in arms, threatening the lives of Her peaceable subjects, must take the consequences of thier acts, and they must understand that they will forfeit the right to the possession of their lands guaranteed to them by the Treaty of Waitangi, which lands will be occupied by a population capable of protecting for the future the quiet and unoffending from the violence with which they are now so constantly threatened."
Through March of 1863, a count of 10,000 imperial troops collected in Auckland ports, the most expensive shipment of forces since the American Revolution and the French and Indian Wars. The greatest resources of food relied on Allied Maori and local Colonial elite who in turn provided 10-14,000 to the campaign, a total of 20-24,000 strong.
The Invasian of both Waikato & Auckland 1863
On the 12th of July of 1863, the Waikato War is dated to have begun and Imperials and Aucklandites entered Waikato. On the 17th Of July, just 5 days later, South Auckland was invaded at Koheroa, an instant "counter-invasion" by the Maori Kingites. Te Huirama of Ngāti Mahuta led 150 men against a combined force of 2,000 British regiment and militia, a gross show of pure Mana gaining.
Historian "Summarizing one of Cameron's first conflicts with Maori, Cameron discussed with his officers - They would not dare attack a force of this size, 50 Maori to our 2,000 troops - and advising officers replied - Yes they would, yes they will."
Koheroa quickly became a blood soaked area with tactics that only displayed might and power over South Auckland, and Pokeno Queens redoubt turned into a place of formidable battle. For the entire months of August and September, Imperials were held for 14 weeks in total to target Cameron's military ego. Maori Kingites raided the 2nd Battalion and 18th Royal Irish of Pokeno Queens Redoubt. The Ngati Tamaoho, in a blood thirsty display kept them pinned down, each day with the soldiers and overseas offices losing faith. Initially Ngati Tamoaho were neutral and supported an NZ Colonial Mr. Bell in his peace talks, but a clear boundary was drawn at Meremere, and it was pointed out that peace talks were making little headway. After some tactical reviews the "Battle around Pokeno Queens Redoubt" shown that opposing Maori were intending to convert the fortification into another prison like build. Correspondence to the main Auckland Alliance ceased at one point, forcing parties from The Pokeno Queens redoubt to attempt several times to gather supplies themselves and hold out until they could reconnect with Auckland, 25 soldiers being caught on the 25th of August. On September 2nd, 62 British soldiers were caught on mission for critical supplies, and Allied Maori were called in for emergency reinforcements and rescue of the British, guarding valuables and moving them through their own private routes, stashing them within range of British supply missions.
Historian "The main Waikato King country is situated on the left, Auckland in the northwest, and Ngati Paoa to the east. The Invasion of Waikato is an extremely provocative title as the war shows that the advance past South Auckland followed the thin line between Waikato King country and Ngati Paoa. Also, according to the borderlines, Waikato invaded South Auckland in that same instance, several times, yet new versions of history tend to only mention the line Cameron hoped to have crossed. South Auckland was attacked numerous times at Koheroa." [map 1,2,3,4]
Britain began to show a lack of resolve during the height of the Maori Wars, who bought and imported their weapons like Maori, and printed promissory notes, borrowing against royal treasury to fund war efforts. The rifles in the US. American Revolution came from France and Spain through middle-eastern and Asian trade. Maori worried not where to obtain arms, but seemed content with taking supplies from Cameron's many attempts at advancing to Maori King country.
The Lost Camerontown Battle
In September on the 7th, a force of 100 Maori of Ngāti Maniapoto, targeted the township in which Cameron had hoped to turn into a possible center of trade and a port of supply. The supply depot was raided, over 40 tons of food, equipment, ammunition, and guns, was either stolen or burned as it was meant to be stash for many points, including Pokeno Queens Redoubt. Around 20 Ngati Whauroa Allied Maori guard were defeated, five killed. An estimated 50 troops led by Captain Swift were sent to reinforce the supply mission. Captain Swift died, with reports his body was wanted by opposing Maori, several from the 65th regiment fell, including the names of Stephen Grace and Private Richard Bellinger, recorded on the memorial.
The End of The Great South Road
Late September and early October the G.S.R [Great South Road] was inoperable, destroyed, and 6-7,000 troops were being divided to defend South Auckland, an estimated 2,000 troops remained always with Cameron and officers for protection, leaving 2,000 or so for an advance, which had failed. At this point, Cameron was defeated in his plans for military glory.
Although General Cameron remains in command during many conflicts, he had been on the defensive for 3-4 months, and in late October, the Allied Maori with militia under their command took the decisive lead, and orders of theirs became apart of the Waikato War. A fair fleet of Allied Maori from Onehunga town Manukau Auckland, moving in Waka vessels through Manukau Harbor became the new suppliers, an alternative to the G.S.R. and so Cameron's road became history. Maori in battle, even the allied Maori, titled Cameron "The Lame Seagull" (equal to in eng. "The Penis-less Loud Mouth"), a commander who had in the past attacked smaller points with high numbers, shrewd and dishonorable in several of his tactics, who had relied on his Crimean War experiences, and never took advice, not at all a favorite of Sir Governor Grey.
Historian "This is actually the end of the Maori Wars for the Imperial British in a sense that they are now in a possition that relies on Maori Allied forces. After The Great South Road was invaded and it's plans abandoned, the Maori Allied took a strong lead and changed British tact. Cameron is just a military figurehead who again makes mistakes at the next battle, at Rangiriri, with the little confidence in authority he had left. Also its why the British NZ historian James Belich plays at words in this defeat during Maori Wars and leaves the Waikato Wars result to opinion.
"The only thing at this point in the War in favor of the British and Maori Allied are troop numbers and a hopeful plan to get supplies to those troops, should they be surrounded in Maori King Country. Even if a settlement could be established by a miracle, opposing Maori would use it as a stage of combat to economically break the bank, an overseas English bank unable to afford a longer war campaign. Every attempt after the end of the Great South Road was a gamble on the lives of the British troops who had invested the most recruits. The worst thing is the British commanders knew this and still wanted to advance. It's ok to say that at this time in the War, it isn't about obtaining new lands. It's about keeping the land they have and fending off the swarms they created while not looking like a freshly cooked pig on display. The Maori Wars was the original title of the NZ Wars and for good reason, because its the Maori, either allied or opposing, who are fully in charge and they probably always were throughout the period"
The Waikato and Auckland War advance
At this point, British military tactics were cast aside as Sir Cameron Duncan, alive but stuck in South Auckland, and Auckland Maori in a manner of speaking "built him a kids booster seat". A Maori Allied tactic of Pa stashing to support supply chains allowed divided British regiments to sustain their guard, with a plan to give 6,000 effectives to the front lines. Maori supply and food storage Pa are well known in "any version" of New Zealand Wars, able to sustain attacks for longer term encampment. Then again in late October, reinforcements of northern Allied colonial militia added to British numbers to support storage and Maori Allied supply Pa, with several colonial and Maori Allied steamers bringing in resupplies. The British front lines for the advance never amounted to the projected plans and stayed around 2,500-3,000 because of the formidable guard requested by Cameron and officers. The Auckland's arrow for the awaited move forward into Waikato had no word of further oversees aid, and the opposing Waikato Maori awaited at Rangiriri, taunting the British and Allied Maori to meet them there at this Pa, for another War.
The new War front was a border region, but in Maori King sub-region provinces, steamed up by excitement and waiting on an unseen Pa site. The opposing Maori's Pa's title of Rangiriri meant the "Angry Heavens", a place set for those who had not seen enough.
Battle of Angry Heavens in King province territory
In middle to late November, the first to face off with British were to be the branch families under senior houses, the province rulers and sub-region leaders, forces from Ngati Mahuta, Ngatiteata, Ngatihine and Patupou, reinforced by further ranks in Kawhia Ngati Mahuta, Ngati Paoa and Ngati Haua, mostly under Ta Kerei te Rau-angaanga, Te Aho, and Tamehana. The Maori number came in at 300-400 strong. British troops collected from the 12th, 40th, 65th, and 14th regiments, including Royal Navy, Royal engineers, and Royal Artillery, an estimated number of 800-1,000 in total.
According to historian James Cowan "A Naval Brigade of a hundred men, under Lieutenant Alexander, of H.M.S. “Curaçoa,” marched up the bank with the infantry column. The force which assembled on the north front of the Rangiriri ridge at 3 o'clock in the afternoon after a hot march totalled about 850, made up as follows: Royal Navy, 100 officers and men, with a 6-pounder Armstrong; Royal Engineers, 15; Royal Artillery, 54, with two Armstrong guns; 12th Regiment, 112; 14th Regiment, 186; 65th Regiment, 386".
There are debated numbers, an estimate of 1500-2,000 have been suggested as Cowan often supports British perspectives. Historical evidence supports that Cameron always attacked with a frontal force of 1500-2,000 and why would one of the most important battles be any different.
The landscape for the battle had been completely engineered into what looked liked a game of "King of the Mountain", hundreds of pounds, more over likely in tonnage measurement [over 2,000 pounds] of earthen work was moved. There was no true palisades, no underground rifle trenches for frontal guard, though compartments were used for rifle stand-offs. The first line for battle was open fully over double rows of man-made pyramided hills, and then the second line doubled again, closer to the center, before the back, then three compound Whare strong-hold were constructed about 17-19 feet high from the higher ditch-ground level after the second line. It was a field design for face-to-face and hand-to-hand combat where men at arms could maneuver, just to instantly reengage. On both sides, the high Parapets touched down to the lake on one side, and the Waikato River on the other, almost a highway built to leave comfortably when Maori chose to move attacks elsewhere, or to have supplies brought inbound. After the battle, Maori claimed it was first dug for cattle transport from the Waikato river to the lake, then converted.
The Great Maori Pa at Rangiriri: The Battle of the Angry Heavens
and titled "The bloodiest battle in the Maori Wars"
Historian "Many envision a fort when talking about Rangiriri, it was no fort or an L-pa of any kind. Picture a long wall which is what the British called the Parapet in this battle, with double ditches on each side, and then three Whare strong-holds along the Walls ditches. The deadliest point about this construction was not the double ditches, but the division. The wall had on its front face, ditch compartments, so if 100 men rushed, only 10-15 could fit into a section, forcing them to divide and clump, and letting a face-to-face challenge take place if a Maori party wished it so. The Whare in the back were constructed mostly for supplies and the elite to strategize. Even though the Parapet appears like a wall, it is not used as a platform to stand ground. The ditches on both sides are cover areas, with avenues leading to other areas of battle, the large wall area is an obstruction only in a game of close combat tag, in effect a maze layout like a modern day lazer-tag arena, and the more athletic by far were Maori."
Long range pounding was again a starting point to battle, this time only briefly, an obvious no effect, easily absorbed. The main assault came by the first 600. The 65th of 386 men was led by Colonel Wyatt. Colonel Austen and Colonel Phelps commanded the 12th and 14th with another 198, who were the first to rush Rangiriri. The result was devastating, falling men in the trenches, stacked jackets, and Colonel Austen, Murphy, and Phelps, fell with their men as the battle ensued. There are accounts of several men reaching the Parapet, falling at the summit as if in attack of a fort, trying to find strong points, aiming for the legendary Bastion. Rangiriri was though a formidable "combat arena", and attacking an arena meant that soldiers became players, an important understanding long after the battle was over. The division slots on the front Parapet worked absolutely and as soldiers ran forward and attempted to retreat, the fallen and wounded clumped with the new waves. Cameron ordered the 65th to flank the lake water, a swamp area where the troops were expected, and more fell heavily. The Royal Artillery with Mercer then led the 40th, and another wave of Royal Navy charged in utmost bravery, and Maori witnessed their sacrifices attempting to take "The Gate of Death", a narrow passage in the Parapet, a trap. The evening fell, and night came fast, and as the British ended their efforts, the Maori roaring began.
"The battle of Rangiriri was not unique to Pa roaring Haka through the night, or while guns and cannons blaze on. Warriors and Chiefs were recorded throughout Maori Wars, mounting a high point, announcing themselves and stating challenges."
The British scale of losses of that first day attributed to the battle at Rangiriri being labeled "The bloodiest battle in Maori Wars". Hundreds dead in trenches, so many that statistics again were shifted by British. Many of the living surviving soldiers stayed with the dead in the night, waiting for the morning, the ground wet, but not so from water. The soldiers dug half circles into the back wall to rest. War chants continued throughout the first dark hours. In the mid-night, Wiremu Tamihana left to other battle grounds. The fight was decided already in Maori King favor. As morning approached, Maori opposition stopped the battle at 5am having been visited during the night with reports saying another massacre would happen should the British attack again, and Cameron was insane enough to witness his men sacrifice their entire number. A white flag was raised to commence formal meeting, the Maori high ranks ordered the War to a complete halt, stopped the fighting with their presence, and gave the British commanders a chance to rethink their abilities. British troops were seen shaking hands with allied and opposing Maori combatants, no formal hand thanking to Cameron is recorded, who would have sent all troops in the coming day break and charged the British soldiers with treason if they'd refused. The supplies and ammunition used at Rangiriri were the shipments taken from The Great South Road, and historians speculate that Maori had grenades, shotguns, cannons, and any weaponry type ever shipped to New Zealand. The largest British cargo-supply loss being from The Camerontown Battle, where 40 tons of equipment and arms went unaccounted for into Maori Kingite hands.
Historian "It was assumed that the Kingite Maori had burned the 40 tons of equipment and arms, as the British had assumed no one was strong enough to carry such cargo away in the night, but that assumption quickly became an untrue fear, knowing the body types of the Polynesian warrior, strong and fast, and when angered, when War was concerned, capable of miracle feats."
Maori Politics then played a part of Rangiriri history. A high Chief, Ta Kerei te Rau-angaanga, cousin to the Maori King remained in the Whare, an "untouchable" in these circumstances, and who did not purposely leave with Wiremu Tamihana and his men.
The Aftermath of Rangiriri: Maori Politics
The Maori King cousin Ta Kerei te Rau-angaanga was guarded by his 189 men, escorted to Auckland regions into a non-conflict zone, asked to stay in peace and war no more. Auckland allied Maori politics found the matter apart of special Maori law (older laws of War) made before the British arrived, and never was anyone able to interfere with the proceedings.
Historian "If there was a chance for peace, this was it. The Maori had seen enough, but was it just an opportunity to politic. The British soldiers had fought enough, only a few high British ranks had blood or property in mind, not their countrymen at arms in mind who would be the fighters, or the families who would end up fatherless. The majority on both sides did say then, that's enough and outlooks were changing. In Maori ways of war, the treatment of one who is taken helps determine the remaining intent, and if War will move on, more blood, less, or none, and Maori were waiting for a reaction, a move that would decide the fate of many British soldiers. Intermarriage between the senior Maori houses also created marriage clad treaties, and so some attacks on one, meant the retaliation of many, whole Iwi. In the case of the Waikato party, who had moved under guard to Auckland, this was a serious matter, one that determined the end, or a new beginning of another type of war."
Several supporting offices to British Imperial military forces, including Hon. Mr. Cardwell, Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies (Imperial worker), ranted angrily over the Maori politics at play, suggesting illegal action be taken immediately, some citing Crown law to target less advantaged individuals, summarily saying, they might not be able to touch the cousin of the Maori King, but what about his large 189 man guarded escort who came with him. The Imperials banged hammers at the tables, calling for revenge over the many previous battle taunts at Cameron and other officers, and hated the fact that Allied Maori held back their wrath. The Imperials outraged that not only was the battle of Rangiriri lost on the fighting battlefield, but that now the opposing Maori were walking freely around the north region, armed and untouchable, able to wheel-and-deal, to politic their way into possibly making new friends and allies. A loss on the "political battlefield", would do the same damage as one lost in war. The Auckland hemisphere did though shift after the Battle of Rangiriri, and NZ Colonials became closer once again to their old friend the Allied Maori who seemed more capable, proving that they'd quickly advanced over the years in matters of Governing and could keep a more fair Law & Order. The Maori Wars out-come looked to be an inevitable path to peace and eventually a new Treaty or War-pact with the Maori King.
A Hon. Mr. Cardwell working under British then attempted at creating a new Racial War inside Auckland political circles (white vs all Maori), and openly declared his mind, that English Law should be the only Law practiced in the new Government, and that even Allied Maori politics were a burden on english authority.
Hon. Mr. Cardwell is quoted "I concur with your advisers in thinking it impossible to apply to the Maori maxims of english Law in all their applications to civilized life. The rights of the Maori insurgents must be dealt with by methods not prescribed by any law book, but arising out of the exceptional circumstances of a most anomalous case."
In the end, no action was taken and the High Chief, cousin to the Maori King and his 189 men, later moved back into Waikato without a feather on their heads out of place. Controversy over this area of history has been so since 1864, a battle of words on the third Battlefield, the media battlefield, a hard win to keep the public opinion in support of the War. Crown Loyalists supported from the New Zealand Herald (a loyalist Newspaper started in 1863), hopeful to stay-off any further civilian feedback. Hon. Mr. Cardwell's council bigotry and criminal proposals, to attack while under a "white-flag of truce", became historical proof of their defending positions, his Anti-Maori movement well noted, even if hidden from the wider media of the times.
Faulty British paper schemes at Waikato Land 1863
In 1863 in an attempt to change tactics, unable to physically progress with negotiations in the works, and to adapt with prevailing Maori campaigns, the Colonial Secretary, connected to Imperials, proposed a Land scheme offering Waikato Land to military settlements, without legal sanction and before there being a presence of authority. The British Imperial "Military settlement schemes of 1863" hoped to push into play a scenario of loyal militants being in contest with Indigenous peoples, without having to take actual care of military settlements. The tactic of "Push-action War", making conflict happen through fraud and trickery, in regions that seem defeatable, based upon their own misinformation, and a way to bypass treaty pacts, was a mistake made time and again, and again, with new British in campaign. And while Britain hoped to prevail in arms overseas, at home in Europe, their easily accessible motherlands were scouted by their Imperial neighbors. A Bill on the 5th of November 1863 was simply to validate already illegal Treaty violations, and it's contracts with unaware military settler buyers. Maori politics made corrections to new Parliament in 1868.
Historian "The scheme attempted to sell land that was owned by opposing Maori, but they weren't legal documents and endangered the lower ranked military buyers (soldier regulars). British often claim they confiscated the lands, but no, they were too weak and could only print fraudulent land deeds. It forced the common euro-born buyer to personally finance his own defense, freeing up responsibility for the offices, and the Imperials would then gather the free Land Tax, Water tax, also any and all taxable income on future business if by chance a settlement became permanent. NZ Colonials already had their complaints with Taxation without Representation, same issues during the US. American Revolution. The difference in NZ was there was no cabinet made under a Colonial Union to defend in arms the community. The first Socialist Party representing the NZ people wouldn't be established until the 1930s under the Labour Party, supported by the Mau Samoan Socialist Movements. Maori though, allied and opposing, were always very active in political arenas. The scheme was exposed, and made mountains of paperwork after the Wars to sort out the claims."
The Raids at Ngāruawāhia December 1863
After Rangiriri, the Auckland advance was unable to be furthered under its own power. Negotiations may have been in the works, but there was little to negotiate with. The British Imperials now needed to be reinforced only to wait for colonials. On the table, the Auckland forces had still a strong force of enlisted numbers, thousands on the lines, but the problem was supplies. Supply missions in the past had resulted in the loss of troop numbers, supplies to the enemy, a Great South Road tragedy, also it cost supplies to maintain supply missions. In a change of tact, the entire Auckland armed forces became the mission enforcement. In short, there was now to be less or no splitting. In this move, most of the army moved as one to attack a large supplier, the first being Ngāruawāhia. Although several interpretations tag Ngāruawāhia as a battle for a home point belonging to the Maori King, it was not targeted for that reason. The region was filled with Maori business and suppliers, flour mills run on hyrdo-power, flax mills, several sawmills, plantations, and other brick work productions. The Ngāruawāhia name derives from "The Feast", events held there for guests, used still in the 20th century for that same purpose. The area was occupied and then left.
The Raids at Rangiaowhia village 1864
At the final end of 1863, supplies were still the foremost mission. In February of 1864 the village of Rangiaowhia was targeted for its bounty of Maori plantations, a Maori village importing from the east coast and exporting to center strongholds. Rangiaowhia was located "away" from the Maori King region and out-back into eastern province, toward the east coast, another sign Auckland forces were staggering, prolonging the final blow. The King Waikato forces were mainly at Paterangi and Pikopiko awaiting to engage. Alongside the main road in Rangiaowhia village, shipment carts lined the street, sat with potatoes, kumara, caged and prepared pigs, and prepared fowls, packed for Pikopiko. The Forest Rangers arrived first, walking through the street, first between the Whare and other houses, able to see a Roman Catholic Church called Karanga-paihau, in light on the hill over looking the village. The Forest Rangers began firing when spotted, between the church and homes, filled with church staff and Maori women and children, headquarters of Hoani Papita "John the Baptist”. Soldiers from the 65th moved around several houses and engaged against the residents, targeting another English Church, then cavalry rode in. Colonel Nixon and his Lt. McDonnell appeared on scene, advising the villagers to surrender, promising well treatment. The women sniped them in response and skirmishing began, holding off for a good time, hundreds of militia and professional military.
According to historian Cowan "A 65th soldier was also shot dead in front of the house. The Maoris secured McHale's carbine and revolver, with about twenty rounds of carbine ammunition, and, using the captured firearms and their own guns, continued their resistance. Hundreds of shots were poured into the whare, and Colonel Nixon himself fired into it with his revolver. He was shot through the lungs from the open doorway, and fell in front of the house. McDonnell and Mair ran to his assistance, and Mair pulled off a door from a hut and laid the mortally wounded colonel on it. Some of the neighbouring whares were now on fire, either ignited by the firing through the thatch or set on fire by the troopers."
As Colonel Nixon had fallen, the Forest Rangers led by Von Tempsky attempted to rush the doorway of who had slain the Colonel. Another ranking officer, a Corporal Alexander of the Colonial Defence Force Cavalry rushed with the Rangers, and was dead at the door. The Rangers were caught and noted as being the culprits who set fires to the back of the churches, and an old Maori man stepped out of the burning with his hands out, covering for those left in the Whare. Officers shouted to "spare that man", but the militia Forest Rangers shot him down, an arrest was ordered, but it didn't hold. The rest of the villagers had moved to the hill in the Roman Catholic Church, and as the villagers left northward, the church men held the ground, covering well their friends and family. The ones who held ground died for their families and faith.
When reports hit Maori Kingite leaders of church raiding and sub-region village supply camps being targeted by Imperials and the Forest Rangers, three of the largest Maori Kingite frontline strong-holds swarmed down from Paterangi, Pikopiko, and Rangiatea, taking over the Rangiaowhia village and it's outskirts. It was then fortified heavily, and east coast Maori shipping suppliers remained connected.
The Maori Thermapolye of Orakau
If Rangiriri was the bloodiest battle in Maori Wars, the battle at Orakau bettered it so slightly in legend for its unwavering and unconquerable Mana. The battle at Orakau is called "The Maori Thermapolye", however it ended far better than the Greek version. The Tuhoe region were lands of commercial crops, packed with food storages, and planted within was the best friend of the military, the potato. Flour mills also stretched the area, sitting beside other peach farms. The potato rich land provided the Orakau Pa itself with scores of storage, found after the battle to have "3 tons" of leftovers stored. The conflict started on March 31st and lasted for three days, a food storage Pa important enough to gather on the first day a rough number of 1,400 British troops, scouted by Forest Rangers. The Rangers had a valuable name for themselves by 1864, payed double than that of regular militia. Their experience was selectively divided to support different regiments, yet at Orakau, their reputation was tarnished, exposed later.
Historian "The only difference, major in later years, was the British propaganda machine and their commercial influence in several media outlets. The British propaganda machine became a cover so thick that even in academia the line was severely smeared, more than a little smudged, well into the 20th century, especially about 20 years when the WW was over. The first British small town colleges in New Zealand were funded by allied Maori and British programs while they shared political offices, a closely censored educational scheme to tell their tales and campaign more in politics, later more education became independent but still with Colonial elements left in some rural departments.
In the accounts of Orakau, there are many truths, and then immediately so loosely, a degrading remark supporting Von Tempsky and Rangers makes the quotations. The fact remains that the legend of Orakau took 140 years to dull down, still pressured upon by media outlets today, calming a beast, an unconquerable Mana, an event so true in history where many other legends in the European world lounge in fiction. Counter-versions of Orakau published recently write - the Maori wept, starved and stayed under supplied - always with an exaggerated number lost on Maori Kingite sides, proof Maori History remains envied."
In the first battle of day one, the Forest Rangers were spotted in the Tuhoe Peach-groves, moving about the peach plantation, ducking and walking, thinking they had darted in unnoticed. Captain Ring ordered the charge with many of the Forest Rangers leading with Robert. As the charge sounded, Maori moved behind a stock-yard fence, defended by a ditch and again by a Parapet. Captain Ring fell dead along with his unit of Rangers, all fallen to sharp-shooting in the ditch. A second attempt by Captain Fisher and a party of the 40th and Captain Baker fell dead in the same way, with only Captain Fisher the luckier, coming out only harshly wounded. The switch to a long range attack using 2 Armstrong cannons was resorted too after the first British units were defeated and remained steadfast until reinforcements arrived to surround the Pa. Also the infamous Forest Rangers were stuck. The reinforcements being a grand show of 1,400 British troops, collected Artillery, Engineers, 12th, 18th, 40th, 65th, and 70th Regiments, together with the Colonial Defence Cavalry, the Auckland Colonial Militia and then more Forest Rangers under Von Tempsky finally dotted the fields. The Orakau Pa, so small and strong, protected a number of 100 fierce Maori men and an estimated 100 or so of the village women, legends in the making many recalled, 200-300 total Maori.
Orakau Pa 1864 sitting alone on the Hill in the open field
A quickly devised plan to then maul the seeming insignificant Orakua Pa with force was reviewed but rethought before ordered, and a safer plan of sapping, digging a trench angled to the Pa so to move in armstrong cannons was decided. That afternoon beginning, as the sapping planned out, the thick wooded forest on the outer-ridges began to move increasingly. The movement was thought to be wind which grazed over the fields then hit the trees. However regret set in, when it was found that it was a horde of Maori that had arrived around 12 O'clock, coming in through the bush, then through the thick, and to the forest edge where they could be partly seen. The Orakau Pa that was in an open field thought to be only slightly manned, seemed too good to be true when the Imperial reinforcements arrived, and strategically the only precautions taken were if there were hidden underground Maori trench works around the Pa, but there were none. Commanders first assumed the Pa was mounted in a poor place, it was not, and was an ambush set for an army, an army of 1,400 to help deplete more the British supplies, to stall the already tired, hungered, and thirsty Imperials for days or weeks if possible. The Pa was neatly in a field on the high ground, sitting alone and in broad sight. The grassland on the hill, fern, and bush around the Pa was mainly leg-thigh high or ankle low, and surrounding the field and Orakau Pa was the dense forest making a horse-shoe like shape. After the British reinforcements had collected and camped at the open field entrance, coincidentally so came the Maori, stretching along the tree-lines. There was also higher ground in the forest able to be used as long-range points, which made the rolling hills behind Orakau more the real Maori Pa.
Published account at Orakau Pa from a British Regular soldier's Journal “About twelve o'clock we began to see natives trooping along the ranges to the east, and making for the forest between us and Rangiaowhia [the Manga-o-Hoi bush]. Their numbers increased at every moment. I was stationed in a hollow where the main road from the pa [toward Otautahanga and Parawera] crossed a swamp and led up an adjoining ridge, on which stood a large weather-board house. I had previously put a picket near that house, as the view from it commanded the very point of the forest now that reinforcements were gathering."
“The natives in the pa had seen the arrival of succour (large reinforcement) as well as we had, and repeated cheers and volleys announced their appreciation of the sight. From the forest responsive cheers soon established a sympathetic intercourse between the two separated bodies, and I must confess that as far as I was concerned at least the enthusiasm was all on their side. Some Maori trumpeter in the pa now commenced one of those high-pitched shouts, half song, half scream, that travel distinctly over long distances, particularly from range to range. He was giving the reinforcements some instructions. I never have been able to find out what they were, though we had plenty of interpreters with us. I went to the picket with reinforcements, and extended a line of skirmishers along the brow of the hill in some tea-tree scrub. There was open ground between us and the line of forest in which the reinforcements were, and they had to cross that opening if they wanted to come to us."
“About this time the natives in the pa commenced a war dance. Of course, we could see nothing of it, but we could hear it, the measured chant, the time-keeping yell, the snort and roar, the hiss and scream, the growl and bellowing, all coming from three hundred throats in measured cadence, working up their fury into a state of maniacal, demoniacal frenzy, till the stamping of their feet actually shook the ground. "
Historian "There are more than a few counter-versions of Orakau battle conditions, some suggesting the Maori were waterless, but it was the 1,400 British men who were tired and scrapping for food among themselves, with frontline sections remaining dire thirsty. The number alone...1,400 people... notes thats it was they who had supply troubles. 1,400 people is a large number, each requiring drink every 3-4 hours. No mappings of the land to give aid of a secure water hole, and the river was on the side of the Maori, possibly why they taunted so heavily, knowing they held the advantage.
Von Tempsky in his accounts in James Cowan's work, never quits to desperately belittle the Maori show of brotherhood, putting all his faith in his revolver, still serving high British officers who think him a commoner militiaman. Unfortunately history knows of Von Tempsky's death, more so an assassination by the Maori and uncaring Government, who wished a new era of treatied works"
The Maori in the Pa over night was expected to bolt, maybe make for the forest and join their collective, but they did not. There was no attempt to join the collective, and the hordes roaring implied this was a purposely planned circumstance. The second day in battle, April 1st, the day was "maddening" according to accounts, an occasional British suicide drunk among the troops, and cross-fire shots made the day horrid. The cross-fire measured over so many men, the Maori numbers in the forest were uncounted, troops guessing at their expanding horde.
British Imperial Soldier quoted “Another weary, weary day, wait, wait, nothing but waiting. There was not even the fun of a war-dance, no water for boilers, so there could be no steam. Now and then yet a hurrah or so of the natives, when someone got prominently hit, but the strength of voice and lung displayed on the first day had made us hypercritical, so that their performance in the vocal department was not appreciated. They made, however, some very good shooting, particularly at unconscious amateurs and spectators. There was poor Major Hurford of the 3rd Waikato Regiment. He came to me and said that he had just had two very narrow escapes, one ball contusing his breast, another his hip. ‘I am so glad,’ he said, ‘that my wife will not hear of this until all is over.’ The following morning it was all over with him"
In an account of Von Tempsky, on the second day he makes a move, a parading move into the fern to supposedly cut-off the Maori, but was a scouting to reveal a quick leave of the field. The result shown more than a few soldiers killed who followed. Several high ranks fell. Parties of Tempsky's kind began regularly with 20-50, and at Orakau Pa, it ended in a dozen left alive. A Corporal Taylor had been shot and downed behind him, following him and retreating from the Pa. Von Tempsky claimed a British Captain Baker had called him back, so conveniently while under heavy fire. It was found out and well known that Von Tempsky was reprimanded harshly for his fame seeking escapade, a stained reputation scar on his head at Orakau Pa.
On the final and third day, the General Cameron and officers received at Orakau, evaluating the sapping missions. The Maori had dug a counter-sapping trench of their own, flanking the British trench to fire from angles, and the cross-fire from forest edges never ceased. The British sapping had though seemed successful with their numbers, close at goal. In the afternoon first hours of April 2nd, third day, after the arrival of Lieutenant-General Duncan Cameron, a ceasefire and a white flag was raised high by British to negotiate, sent through Major William Mair. The popular version of Orakau is that the Maori were asked to end the conflict, as the British had a good sapping in place, aimed at the corner post, but that was only five minutes ahead in thinking. If the sapping prevailed, even within hours, an attack that day would be delayed until morning and day-break, a whole unpredictable night. On the next day if the corner were broken easy there would be an ugly blood on both sides. As the Major William Mair approached, he was ignored by the Maori Commanders. No leader came out to negotiate, and the Major remained snubbed. His shouts were answered, but by the front-line defenders, by a man and a woman, and no further contact is recorded. The words shouted by the Maori are legendary, framing their unconquerable Mana.
The response in shouting from the Pa was ‘E hoa, ka whawhai tonu ahau ki a koe, ake, ake", translating to "Friend, I shall fight against you for ever and ever"
Then Major William Mair made a request for women and children to come out. A Maori women's voice shouted "Ki te mate nga tane, me mate ano nga wahine me nga tamariki.’ translating to "If the men are to die, the women and children must die also"
At the 4 O'clock with the response being conversed over, and the coming bloodshed looking to be equal to that of Rangiriri, a crashing of a gate boomed down, so it sounded. It was a wall section pushed down from inside the Maori Pa, and the 200-300 attacked in one unit, with the women and children guarded on the inside, warriors on the outside. As the wall fell, they crushed and ran over a sullen side-line, running down hill, with the hill giving them plenty of momentum to stride ahead. In an account of events, the 40th were posted on outskirt hill, but were inactive like everyone else, who for the past 3 days and 2 nights had sat drained and waiting for orders. The Maori were heading for a near river, wide and long, the Punia River was ahead, a friend in their land. The wide river, 57 kilometers long, was plenty of cover and dip under any rifle fire, and official heavy troop boot could not follow.
"The sides of the river were swampy, and as any military man would know, a swamp was no friend to the Forest Ranger, Regiment, or Calvary with a heavy steel footed horse, but did favor the light footed Maori."
Historian "The accounts of the Maori dead who rushed out of the Pa, authored by historian James Cowan who take from Von Tempsky himself, a man who in just a few accounts reviewed, can be deemed to have a lust for English glory and fame. He was an old talker who told stories only of his own accomplishments like in the old west. In his account, the British Calvary who barely broke after the Maori, failed with two falling horses that he could make out, a heavy animal with steel shoes, then credits his own men to the slaughter. The Maori men had turned about, their arms cocked and full, firing at those that followed, and the Calvary stopped. Then in Tempsky's mind, the Forest Rangers saved the day, catching up to horses, and making Maori men and women fall so heavily.
Throughout the entire battle event of Orakau, the Forest Ranger reputation had been hung in shame, fallen on the first day to Orakau Pa Parapets and tricked in the peach-groves, then Tempsky was reprimanded by the highest officers on the second day for the many unwarranted deaths of soldiers and officers, fallen under his lead, and then it would seem, that on the third day and final day, ending where few men can account his word, he claims the Forest Rangers miraculously shoot a large number of fleeing Maori where Calvary failed. There's another version of this same history, a History Documentary that was televised in NZ that shows fully readied Horseman Calvary (looking well fed and well watered - wide and awake like toy Crown guards who need no sleep or nourishment) coming up behind the Maori and running them down before the opposing Maori reach the river. The NZ Documentary is a fraud and is more an action movie, where guns appear from thin air and an unlimited number of bullets are resupplied.
Also this man Von Tempsky was a real New Zealand soldier-of-fortune like the men of South Africa, not the honorable patriot or story book noble, and after Orakau a soured man, sketching and writing in books, he published his lies through Colonial contacts, and his hatred and fictional heroic acts at Orakau made temporary rumors, saving his military face, his mercenary reputation, but in truth the Forest Rangers had been conquered. That is why the Maori Kingites demanded Von Tempsky's head as a trophy, over his published works of Anti-Maori rants and fame seeking, and the War would have continued if he had not died. His published works did spread as he had hoped, and by making his death a stipulation to peace, he was betrayed by the Imperials, setup in the open and left for dead. Maori Mana would not be satisfied without his death"
Death of Von Tempsky shot by Te Rangi Hina Kau
Von Tempsky's head (top part) was taken from his body, tomahawked in the temple to crack the top, sword, hat, watch, and Revolver taken as trophy, and these parts never seen again. His death became one of the most famous deaths in Maori Wars - Death to Von Tempsky, another British Liar. A painting in New Zealand shows the Maori Pa Von Tempsky was led too by his own allies for his assassination, ordered to attack but with no reinforcements, and his men stepped backward while he was shot leading the attack. His long curved sword was used to identify him in battle, and in the painting the Maori ambush can be seen waiting.
War in Tauranga Regions East Coast
The British continued to move away from Waikato and central King Country in the west. Cameron and army moved to the east coast in April 1864 to Tauranga where Maori shipping companies imported arms and had gun powder productions, and who had challenged Cameron to a formal battle at Gate Pa.
Maori Chivalry at Gate Pa - Pukehinhina Pa Battle
Rules for battle were found six weeks later, on Henare Taratoa's person, civil terms set by Maori: Civilians would not be interfered with, soldiers captured would be disarmed and handed over to the authorities, that even if armed, and they fled through fear to the House of God or the Priest (a Church), they would not be followed, and that the wounded would be treated with kindness, and the dead would not be mutilated.
British Last loss Gate Pa 1864
Gate Pa was specifically made for the conflict with Cameron, similar to Rangiriri and Orakau designs using more Parapets, trenches, rifle pits and bunkers, with little palisading compared to field Pa designs. Chief Rawiri Tuaia had even sent a letter to Cameron, mocking they had built a nice clean road, leading right up to the Pa from the harbor "so that the soldiers will not be too weary to fight", another taunt over The Great South Road fiasco.
The battle was a complete defeat for the British, it was the second greatest number loss in the Maori Wars, but is legendary for the more honorable side of war. Ensign Robley "Soldier with a pencil", drafted several detailed works on the Maori Gate Pa who was at the battle reporting for a paper in London. Sir General Duncan Cameron after the defeat, returned to England being replaced by General Trevor Chute. Peace talks were led by Sir George Grey after the Battle of Pukehinahina.
Maori care for Colonial Militia and British in Battle
During the Maori Wars, respects between sides were recorded. The 65th Hicktey Pips (65th Hikiti Pip, Hikete Piwhete) were at times told to lay down while in siege so to target new British troops attempting to storm their Maori Pa. Warnings through pass phrases were given before attacks along with trade of smokes and medical supply. [The York and Lancaster Regiment, vol1, p.112] .
NZ Proclamation to make a final Peace 1865
Sir George Grey made out an official Proclamation of Peace in 1865, that absolute War with Maori was at an end. The Imperial forces shipped back home, a war lost by the crown by all means, and another war loomed for Britain on its home front as Germany, an ally of a Western Samoan faction began plans to invade France and down later England's motherland.
Third Capitol of New Zealand Government 1865-67
The region of Auckland was left by the allaiance to Wellington, a more neutral location after The Maori Wars was agreed upon. The Capitol of Aotearoa New Zealand remains today at Wellington, moved officially in 1865. Also in 1865, Maori gospel teachings by the once feared Pai Marire religion were reported to be peaceful enough, simply another interestingly odd religion according to Resident Magistrate Mainwaring. In 1866, the Aotearoa NZ Governor had begun talks with Maori engaged on the East coast and in Waikato. By 1867, there was relative peace with nine British regiments (British also losing in Western Samoa) backing off Aotearoa and shipping home. British relations remained with Allied Maori and later a broader relation with new Government connected more Maori.
Titokowaru's War and the end of Maori Wars 1868
In 1868, a Maori force led by Titokowaru took on Major McDonnell, defeating McDonnell in Semptember, retreating to Waihi and then again in November. In 1868, a historical ambush was setup for the killing of Gustavus Von Tempsky, the Forest Ranger who had ducked his way into a spotlight, and who had a big hand in founding the ragged and disruptive reputation of Forest Ranger operations in 1864. Von Tempsky was killed, head unaccounted for, with word the British and Allied Maori were happy to be rid of his menacing manor, and who had a possible hand in his falling, wishing the wars to cease and be peace. The year of 1868 is the debated year of the actual "End of the Maori Wars", as Governor Grey had already made public proclamation of no further campaigns against Maori, and that peace was to be sought first, also the year had ended with the Forest Rangers being eliminated, and revenge was satisfied. British historical versions at times extend the Maori war until a battle or political campaign favors their own perspectives. Te Kooti's campaign in 1869 is seen as an individual and separate War with no links to Britain and Maori Auckland or the Maori King country.
Te Kooti's War and Utu 1869
Te Kooti's War of 1869 was campaigned just a few years after Gate Pa. This war did not represent all Maori interests, with credit to the handling of Te Kooti's (Full Title: Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki) "Utu" (Revenge) campaign being gifted to various people. The allied Maori Ngati Porou under Major Ropata achieved more than any other force against Te Kooti's.
A New Era for European Imperialism 1870s
As the Maori Wars became history it was believed that British had only traveled to the Pacific just to meet their glory seeking makers in battle, their idealistic foes and allies. British colonies began to recede on the same paths they had immigrated on, moving back to Australian coastlines and jumping homeward from Australian ports before another act of relations soured, and before another cutting off of homeland resources.
The Fall of Paris Imperial France in the
Franco-Prussian (German War)
Leading up to 1871 through-out the first year, the Franco-Prussian War (France vs Germany) began or "The First United German War". German regions were for the first time united against Imperial France, and France at the height of its power, lost overwhelming. On September 19th 1871 the city of Paris was under siege, a region never before neared by a British force without assitance. By the 28th of January 1871 France and its Imperial families surrendered. France had assembled 200,000 troops in a one-fight-wins-all manner and were dominated at home by the Germans. Historians tag the year of 1871 as the rise of German expansion and it's allies and another cause to the dwindling presence of the British. The Americans too in the 1870s were extending their political reach after the Confederates (and British suppliers) lost the American Civil War. Eastern Samoa became formally allied with the USA in 1872. The Industrial Age in the USA aided it's recovery from internal conflicts and moved them into an increase of economic growth. Germany became the most powerful nation within Europe and the Kaiser Emperor Wilhem the First was Crowned. The events of the 1870's contributed profoundly to the coming first and second World Wars which recorded another invasion of France (A second Invasion of Paris), and an Invasion of England, air-bombing the British Crown at the Capitol of London, the longest invasion of a Capitol City in World History.
Te Kooti's Legacy and Legend
The legend of Te Kooti records him as a prophet to his followers. Te Kooti in his campaign established The Ringatu Faith which remains strong today. Whether his War was lost or won is up for interpretation. Some historians point out two important points of success, firstly Te Kooti was never prosecuted or even pursued after negotiations for his campaigns, and secondly that The Ringatu Faith still grows in number. Te Kooti's well being and retirement was part of an agreement between the Maori King Tawhiao [Title: Tukaroto Matutaera Potatau Te Wherowhero Tawhiao], and the now New Zealand administrations [includes allied Maori Iwi]. Originally, the Maori King had taken in peace talks with Governor George Grey and was not involved in Te Kooti's campaigns, only to conclude peace did the King mediate. The agreements arranged for Te Kooti's amnesty, and Te Kooti lived the remainder of his life in The North Lands [Te Matau a Maui or Te Ika a Maui].
Allied Maori and Colonial Government of New Zealand
During Te Kooti's campaigns inside the political arena, a Maori and Kiwi Proactive Administration was under way. A decade or so passed which were dedicated to reforming a more progressive Government. And the British soldiers during the Maori wars were correct, that the Colonial elite would eventually end up with the better hand than they. Eventually arrangements were agreed on the office of Prime Minister Timi Kara (Prime Minister James Carroll) of Ngati Kahungunu, started during Te Kooti's campaigns who for two terms took office in 1909 and 1911 over the Allied Maori and British public. The Allied Maori parties were the only ones able to subside the leftover distrust from the Wars, and were the most "middle-party" between a far-right Maori body and a far-left Immigrant body.
Aftermath and Land Claims
By the late 1800s early 1900s, Aotearoa New Zealand born Timi Kara had taken office and control over the NZ Government for the Northern lands (not for Maori King Country), a well connected Maori Irishman, settling claims and setting up Administrative councils for new Government Departments, and organizing an alliance that was still in much disarray after the 1880's. The continued Land claims were just that, claims by various parties, much from the confusion of faulty schemes (Printed fraudulent Land-Deeds) during the Maori Wars, rightful ownership or rights to confiscation were heard, or grievances and reparations. Today land claims by Maori parties and Colonials continue to agree on investigative Waitangi Tribunal proceedings, land being decided upon in a legal process. The Maori Monarch governs to the present day, a customary figure in North-land Maori politics and is saluted in celebration for National events. In 1899, Great Britain was nearly pushed completely out of the Asia and Polynesia Pacific with only poor relations they had not yet offended in Fiji and with proxy friends who had not joined the Germans.
During the World Wars, Allied Maori went on rescue (famously known as Maori Battalion) to help their defeated British allies at the London City Invasion by Germany. Britain in the World Wars was by defeat on the winning side, but as a 'rescued region', a region of war refugees. The Maori Battalion was the most decorated group sent from NZ to the Worlds Wars in Europe and remains a strong history of the Allied Northern Maori.
In Russia 1918, the Russian public killed the Imperial Royal Russian Romanov Family, executed and all belongings and holdings confiscated. Russian Loyalist families to the Romanov Imperials were hunted down and either imprisoned or confined in some way until the state could manage a ruling to their fates. After the World Wars with propaganda proving to be a helpful defense, the Maori Wars was rewritten into the ~New Zealand Wars~ by various english authors, who created a racist White-man vs Maori-man version of events, hoping to scale down losses, taking credit for Colonial, Missionary, and Allied Maori efforts. NZ National history itself after the World Wars avoided teaching London's demise, blaming only Communism while hiding the causes and faults of Imperialism. Then with more washed versions, the British attempted at creating a misleading Colonial History again hoping to hide the failures of their Crown. The Rise of Socialism and Democratic-Socialists took over the New Zealand Government in 1935, the NZ Socialist Labour Party with the political backing of Maori Unionists, NZ Social Democrats, Australian Socialists, and Mau Samoan Socialists, so both British Imperialism and Maori Imperialism were set-aside.
After Eastern Nazi Germany fell and lost the war, the Western German Democratic-Socialist regions innovated economics, first under the leadership of market-socialist Ludwig Erhrad with the creation of the Deutsch-mark Coin, changing the entire European Economic landscape with progressive moves forward. The Salvation-era, a rebuilding of Europe right after the World Wars is called "The German Democratic Socialist Economic Miracle".
Socialist Germany recovered from the World Wars faster and in stride as did a new Constitutional Japan and the USA. The age of Dictatorship-Imperialism quieted and Royals were forced into cultural roles, customary figures, and Representative Heads of State with limited access, or in some cases, a joint roll where powers are shared and discussed through the People's regional councils. The -IRON CURTAIN- also fell after the World Wars. Even though Eurasia including Eurasia-Russia, had allowed access to intercept Nazi expansion, the borders afterwards were immediately shut and an ill-form of peace set-in, all nations involved building up arms (The Cold-War) in case of another conflict.
In the main isles of Britain with first-hand witness of the World War events the native local British people began campaigns to expose the poor systems of government that had brought about the devastation and invasion of their London homeland. The Tory politics sat for decades on the sidelines and the British people later appealed greatly to the Democratic Parliamentary American way of Government with it's Labor Party taking control. King Edward VIII's abidcation of the British Crown during the WWs in 1936 is still well remembered in UK history, leaving the British Crown over it's humiliating past failures, internal scandals, political corruption, and for a new wholesome love affair in the United States of America, a Mrs. Simpson. The British King Edward renownced the thrown in December and married US. American citizen Wallis Simpson on June 3rd 1937 at Chateau de Cande' in France officialized by Reverend Robert Anderson Jardine. By the late 1940s the United States had become the new western influence in the Pacific with Eastern Samoa or American Samoa being deemed "The Spearhead of the Pacific". Eastern Samoa who founded with the US. Navy a new training strong-hold after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii had collaborated to save Australia, Eastern French Allied Polynesia, and New Zealand becoming a permanent US. ally and raised an American Samoan Flag in April 1960.
Related articles:
References
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[-] New Zealand. Parliament. House of Representatives,"Parliamentary Debates", Wellington, G. Didsbury Government Printer, 1869, pg. 230
[-] Stout, M.Duncan Thomas "War Surgery and Medicine" Wellington: Historical Publications Branch, 1954, pg. 557-581
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[Edited June 11th, 2022]
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All Asia Pacific Islander American Studies are free for use for community. Studies can be used in research papers, notes, blogs, articles, personal research, this information was researched purely out of personal interests.
Posted in: A.P.I. A. Studies
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