The Charlotte Ship of the First Fleet - Private English contractors shipping
Euro-convict slave labor to Penal Colony Australia
The Australian region has one of the more unfavorable pasts in the Asia Pacific when referring to Native and foreign encounters, and it's history is still today debated being that most if it is written by either Anglo-British Australians or western foreigners in study of the area. The British smuggling term of "Blackbirding" resembling that of niggling (black things), remains what many see as a racially charged "white version of history", using a discriminatory title to frame a broad range of events that happened around Australia from the 1700s to the late 1800s involving the Native Australians and the coercion of Melanesian peoples through trickery and kidnapping. More in-depth studies by academics like Dr. Benjamin Wilkie reveal the oppression of many different groups including ancestors of the now decedents of European settlements of modern Australia. Among the many criminal acts involving early Australian trade the indentured servitude and slave labor history did include far more European labor than Melanesian Labor which is left out in many Anglo compositions accounting the times. Prison labor schemes in the 1800s were mostly in-act against the Irish and Scottish who lived in townships under English authority, able to be over policed and easily arrested, shipped overseas who then formed the original Penal Colonies of East coastal Australia. Scottish courts participated in the practice but far less than the English court system. An estimated 162,000 imprisoned European people were taken between 1787 to 1868 alone, mostly dispersed around New South Wales Australia and Tasmania.
The Imperial English-labor schemes against their own Irish and Scottish neighbors and opposing American Colonies has been argued that it all originally started with Catholic labor campaigns for "actual payed work" and did not detail enslavement, however when the poor and desperate English junkshippers became involved, new schemes arose to get quick pay because of the struggles in their own homelands.
"An English writer and service man Maude H.E., a founder of the term Blackbirding hoped to weave all the bad events together including as much of the Asia Pacific region as possible. His goal was to create a slave history in the Asia Pacific mainly to hide his wife's British Australian Penal Colony heritage and roots. The Blackbirding history has had its criticism for being compiled with unrelated events some events being part of Native Australian internal Land Wars, some parts of the Blackbirding tales are really first encounters, or individual crimes committed or attempted by the Captain and crews of various vessels. It seems to be a false history to conveniently defame all non-Imperial British under the same common umbrella. Some of the history has only theory of endings but was still included. Also areas like Fiji and have nothing to do with Native aboriginal Australian history simply because they are dark skinned"
Australia Penal Colony: Indentured Labor Schemes
In 1863 British labor appeared supporting new "sweat-shop type" work conditions for mining operations in the Australian region using Welsh or Irish-British prison labor in the beginning. British Prison labor schemes still though were not enough for some industries who wanted a larger unpaid labor force. The Northern Irish history well remembers English prison labor schemes with the first shipload of convicts leaving in April 1791.
Penal Colony Australia including foreign prisoners made to slave Free-labor
Irish-Scottish-Welsh commoners caught in prison labor schemes
Between 1791 and 1853 over 30,000 Irish people were transported to New South Wales Australia many for minor offences. One of the last ships to carry Irish slave-convicts direct from Ireland was the Phoebe Dunbar sailing from Kingstown (now known as Dun Laoghaire) near Dublin and arrived on August 30, 1853. In 1868, sixty three Irish Fenians who had been convicted in Ireland but incarcerated in England, were transported from England and arrived in Australia on the 9th of January 1868 on the Hougoumont.
There remains today an extensive history on "Hulk Prison Ships" or Convict Ships well recorded in American history which can be included in the Australian Pacific Labor History where British renounced their common-blood overseas brothers and put into the works labor schemes against the founders of the United States beginning in the American Revolution. Great Britain throughout its Imperial legacy waged unaffordable War. To off-set the costs of overseas War, prisoners were stuck, Americans included on board decommissioned or out-of-operation ships leaving prisoners there to rot with the decaying vessel out at sea.
A monument to the Americans fallen stands today at New York City in Brooklyn called "Prison Ship Martyrs Monument". British Hulk ships were still in use in 1860 mostly used to take labor-slaves to Australia. The Hulk American history has been called a forgotten history, tucked away as it shames a European colonizing picture and highlights mass-immigration and free labor schemes instead of planned colonization and proves the instability of European systems from the 1700s-1900s.
Australian Frontier Wars and its Natives
In the 1840s-1850s Gold was found in Australia and Imperial interests began taking roots in mining. Foreign Euro-immigrants continued leaving the British isles in droves. And with this more wide-spread immigration came about the Australian Frontier Wars. During Australian Frontier Wars (Aboriginal vs British) the most famous tact of Aboriginal fighting was "Night Warfare" giving them the reputation for being able to see in the dark, a born ability it was a called, mixed with their tracking skills. The Indigenous aboriginals quickly raided farm and business supply and even though they were hit by infestations brought from the shores, european Colonies were never entirely able to gain the advantage and negotiated some terms with the West and Central largest areas of Australia. The Central and West areas of Australia are still in Native hands in modern times.
The once famous image of the English-Dutch explorer who in the past looked for long-term trade relations in the Asia Pacific so to build upon a noble family name and business reputation, reverted to being a criminal. The first documented practice of major Blackbirding for new industry was for sugarcane labor occurring between 1842 and 1904. Those Blackbirded were from small outskirt coastal villages of Melanesia, but not Central Melanesia and were mostly targets of some criminal kidnapping scheme. The Frontier Wars between Euro-immigrants and Aboriginals lasted to around the 1870s.
Meanwhile in Europe in the 1870's the lands were in turmoil as the Franco-Prussian War (France vs Germany) was in favor of Germany and the French Imperials lost to a rising German Imperial campaign. By 1879 the British had also lost in South Africa to the Zulu Empire.
"Trying to sort out the chaos of this era in Australia we see prison-labor schemes based mainly overseas importing a free labor work-force (Euro-prison labor unmentioned), Native Frontier Wars fueled by mass-immigration, a roughly 15 year Gold Rush, Disease and Plague, and internal Wars within Europe by their own Imperial neighbors causing desperate Pacific trade practices, resulting in exploits such as kidnapping schemes in Melanesia.. and all this being framed as Blackbirding by the British-Australain author Maude H.E. a twisted mix of very different events all under a single History title to impose an idea of superiority"
"The pictures below are from the Frontier Native Aboriginal Wars but you see these pictures used in Blackbirding summary, either to claim white British Aryan superiority or to demoralize dark races. The revenge of the British Australian seems to be racial writing, not fighting. If an Aboriginal man was taken he is officially a Prisoner-of-War and has not the same status or mindset as a common slave worker. Some Australian writers though will label Aboriginal warriors as the typical black slave seemingly to relate their history with an American history of Human rights violations and in some cases will mention Asia Pacific-islanders, or any brown person who immigrated in the 1800s will be portrayed as an Indentured Laborer instead of writing them as settlers or pioneers"
Aboriginals in the Frontier Wars in Australia. Aboriginals were night
raiders so pictures of their formations and their battle strategies are
not recorded. These Natives are in fact prisoners of War and are
not by legal definition a slave but are often portrayed as such.
An Aboriginal native Australian "attack stance", also showing
his painted camouflage design on his skin. This is a rare picture that
was taken only because it was allowed by the native Aboriginal.
Eastern Polynesia: The Chilean Spanish killed
In Eastern Polynesia either on Rapa Nui or in the regions of the Polynesian Marquesas in the early 1500s, Spanish junkshippers mistakenly landed in search of routes to Southeast Asia. The Spanish landing parties were taken in then fled when an affray happened over misunderstandings. Several Spanish comrades were left behind, enslaved, and eventually eaten, heads and feet taken as trophies of the fight. The Spanish crew of the San Lesmes where the entire crew disappeared in 1526 was part of an Expedition headed by García Jofre de Loaísa.
"The Polynesians since first met were the allies if one could pay or make friends before they attacked, the only people who could sail across the 16 million square mile ocean vastness and more than strong enough to deal with foreign encounters. At the island of Rapa Nui they were playing Sacred War games, a sort of flag-game where one plants his or her stone statue over the other and the other Polynesian nations were always in campaign for entitlement. The former Imperial Spanish were inferior in most respects to the Asia Pacific warrior and their tech was not their own, stolen or adapted, from the many invasions into Spain spanning almost 1500 years from Muslims and Romans. Education was never a priority of the Spanish in past era and a constant shield of propaganda connected to religious dogma, to support their need for material things exported from the New World"
Eastern Polynesian Warrior with head trophy and tattoos marking battles,
entitlement, lineage, and regional origin. Holding a hunting spear found also in Samoa
Eastern Polynesian with a traditional War club and
traditional hairstyle, ear piercings, tattoos which are unfinished
due to being of younger age
Eastern Polynesian War Club Heads
A high ranked Eastern Polynesian War leader, sketched to show his
accomplishments shown by his tattoos. He was also a trader.
The Spanish Return: Contract British 1800s
In 1862, J.C. Byrne a Irish-British man born in Dublin gained rights to become a transporter to recruit neighboring workers, with adequate and fair pay being part of the Peruvian contracts to attract employees. While sailing back to Peru with islanders on ship, J.C. Byrne was killed and died at sea. There is only wild theory of where his sailing crew ended up, in the belly's of islanders, or stranded upon shores of cannibal peoples. Although the history of J.C. Byrne and Company is hardly a case of an indentured Labor-scheme, since the recruits were to be a legitimate payed workforce in Peru, it is still a case of conspiracy to fraud and kidnapping by Bryne and Company resulting in his own untimely murder at the hands of the ones who he had wished to do wrong.
Historian "The fate of J.C. Byrne is typical to ones who went to the South Pacific and Polynesia filled with Euro-centric ideals and a lust for glory. Since the famous tradesman and explorer Spanish Ferdinand Magellan left to find Southeast Asia, the facts have stayed true, that the peoples of the Island South-seas are warriors. The Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan made it to the islands on March 6th. 1521 - and died a month later, killed while running for his life from the Mactan people, a region by Polynesia, and his men left his body there as they ran cowardly for their ships. Byrne is like Magellan in that he's known for what he tried to do in the Pacific, but both of their deaths are much less well known, both for the same reason, to save face"
The Labor Trade to the High Chiefly Fiji Islands
Although many assume Fiji is part of the Melanesian area that was included in Blackbirding schemes, it is not, and has a completely opposite history of what overseas histories assume. The nation of Fiji has been considered a warrior-ally in the Pacific since first encounters (a people half Asiatic Polynesian. A study by Jewish Prof. N.E. Gabel labels the Fijians the Afro-Polynesian).
The islands of Fiji became a destination for the Indo-plantation laborer, but with significantly different conditions, being that the British trade was under the authority of the Council houses of Fiji. Indentured Indo-labor was not subject to harsh penalties like in Australia. Fijian plantation owners were the barons, hosts for the immigrated Indo-laborer, and Fijian Law did not enforce or approve a Euro-punishment system for Indentured contract violations, in-turn meaning the labor work was simply contract work like any self-employed contractor does his or her work in modern times.
Between 1869-1914 British shipped Indian contracted workers to Fiji over 10,000 passengers through the years. The Chinese too came for plantation work mostly under their own terms and eventually founded their own businesses in Polynesia. The Indo-Asian history in Polynesian is not one of slave labor but of plain contracted immigration, however the events are often mixed in with Austrlain Blackbirding history. The Indian immigrant population in Fiji has since grown to become a political presence but who are still in modern times under Fijian laws of the land. Coup-wars in Fiji from 2000-2006 have a historical link to Indian immigration and indentured labor.
A Fijian Battle-dance used for training. Many Fijian and Polynesian cultures use
battle-dance to both orally record historical events and to pass on moves of War.
The Fijian-Polynesian Warrior (Afro-Polynesian) documented by Jewish
Prof. N.E. Gabel with Fiji being the cross-roads of Melanesia and
Polynesia, his work showing the Fijian bloodline
of part Central Polynesian heritage
"Europeans at that time who sat on mainlands reading exaggerated books of exploration were unaware that Sailing and Navigation were not a strong suit of the western voyager, and required out-sourced Polynesian Pacific Islander guides. This is why Euro-history is so mixed-up when it comes to South Pacific Polynesian History including Fiji, it's because of the exploration flair added to writings, the book-selling hook to make profit. Seldom was a man a true scholar without bias, or out to shape the world with truth. Around 200 years before there was war over navigation to acquire the Portuguese Rutters (Navigational Maps with Muslim backgrounds), routes that shown a sea path to the Asia Pacific and Polynesia, to find the rich ancient Asian Pacific Spice Trades of which the famous rich Muslim and Catholic Black Spice-ships sailed. Without the Navigational help of both the Polynesians and the experienced South Asian navigators of the past, the Asia Pacific would have been unexplorable for Europeans for a much longer period of time"
The Ancient Samoans & The Maori Head-hunters
In Central Polynesia the Samoan islands in the late 1700s were an arena of entitlement, a culture with strong family names who when they felt it important enough, campaigned vigorously, many times resulting in a battle or war between the houses to obtain high positions with rank that gave command over Samoan affairs. After an Affray with the French Le Perouse Expedition 1787 at Massacre Bay in Eastern Samoa, where Frances most elite line of ships were attacked, both Western Samoa and Eastern Samoa were left alone for nearly 100 years until the mid 1800s.
The Captains and 10-20 crew were killed, enough to leave the French fleet adrift until they were helped by a neighboring island in Tonga's region. The Expedition recovered at Botany Bay in Australia. The Massacre Bay affray between the French and the Samoans happened over a rude sailor attempting to coerce a Samoan woman on board, mistaking the island for other South American cultures. He failed at his attempt to lure the woman on board for the men to have their fun and was killed by the Samoans.
Euro Missionaries were the only ones allowed after the Affray with the French which over time created the term "Palagi", meaning Heaven leader or Missionary. The first missionary created peace talks with Western Samoan counsels in the 1800s and after relations with British church's grew, Samoan houses became more open to trade. Entitled men of both Western and Eastern Samoa began supporting the good-willed intentions of the Christian church, to be at peace, and so Christianity was allowed to spread to the districts that were under first Samoan Christian Kingly ranks. In 1830 a small expedition of only missionaries George Pratt and Charles Wilson from the London Missionary Society were allowed into Western Samoa. In 1838 the British and Western Samoans became allies and signed a Treaty on the British HMS battleship Conway at Apia.
The American Navy arrived in 1839 and talks began with the U.S. Navy Commander Wilkes with the Eastern Samoans (known today in english as American Samoa). The Germans arrived in 1855 and established trade with a different Western Samoan district, mostly around Salauafata, and by 1878, the Samoan German alliances reported in at having 87% of the export trade. The Samoan Navigator Isles eventually became a valued trade port-station for foreigners and different Samoan noble houses allied with Germany, Britain, and the USA.
Around the same time, late 1790s early 1800s Maori Trade in Australia had several commodities, unwelcome past the Pacific borders, one was the famous "Maori Head-hunting Trade". Maori traders sold the heads of defeated combatants from several Maori Musket Wars.
Maori Heads traded by Maori for foreign collection. Maori slaving had it's own rules, mostly relating to battle, and for a Maori it was very possible to regain honor by enslaving the one who enslaved in the beginning. Rarely did a Maori war-slave taken by another Maori Iwi live long enough to perform labor because of the possible retaliation.
"It's not really easy to intimidate war-toned former Cannibal Islanders, or former Head-Hunter Islanders. Especially when they're bigger, faster, stronger, and have that East-Asian sixth sense. When western religions like the Mormons, send euro-missionaries to Pacific Island chapters, factors of height and mass figure in, so that a smaller missionary is not overwhelmed. They send the tallest missionary. History at times doesn't include the atmosphere, the hierarchy, or may distort the real authority during times"
Historian (a first hand account)- The Frightful state of things in New Zealand from 1831 to 1837 is recorded in the pages of Polock and other authors: tribe then warred against tribe: the land ran with blood: horrors inconceivable were perpetrated, not only were the slain in battle eaten, but slaves for slight offenses were knocked on the head, cooked and devoured! I have seen the old chief Teraia, who partook of his last human feast in 1843, he is said also to have eaten seven wives: they could not have agreed with him, for his head is shaky. and though it was tried, he could not be photographed.
Maori Head Hunting Trade early 1800s. Acquired during the Maori
Musket Wars (Polynesian Wars) Maori Warlords profited from
the chaos selling heads to foreign collections to buy
more the favorite weapon, the Musket.
Pacific Historian "It is well known that if the English couldn't fight an enemy, they wrote a book. The greatest reference to slaving in Polynesia is written by Henry Evans Maude, a British writer working in part with the Australian National University Press educated at a religious college, an overseas sister of Oxford. The truth is the slaves were white slaves, mostly Welsh and Irish, thrown first into prisons by the English-British, land stolen, then worked as labor in mining camps. The only real slaving in the Pacific was done by the Pacific Islanders themselves, best known are the Maori. In one instance in Maori History, a Warrior chief took the heads of 200 slaves of battle, tattooed the heads to make it look like chiefs heads, then sold the head-lot to foreigners. Maori traded the heads in Australia well before 1863. It didn't matter who's head it was, if they were Melanesian, British, or Maori, the head was tattooed, as if were a Maori person, then the head was roasted brown and sold. In many cases the head is not a Maori, and even more rarely was the Tattooed head a chief's head. A trade of fraud and Maori War"
The Maori's White British slaves
Since before the Maori Musket Wars, British Colonists who trespassed, owed debt, or violated Maori lay-of-the-land were enslaved. Maori Iwi at war would not use slaves so much for long term labor, but more for trade, to war more against an opposing Maori Iwi. The main trade use of British white women slaves, or for the half-breed Maori Pakeha who hadn't an Iwi, were for prostitution uses. British Colonial men who owed large debt or violated Maori laws of the land were used for trade for supplies or their heads were tattooed, cut-off, roasted to a brown, dried, and sold as a Maori chief's head.
An account within the Book - "At one Māori village in 1869, English missionary James Buller found an 18-year-old "european lad" who refused to leave his Māori whānau, as "He had lived with them from a child". It was not uncommon for babies born out of wedlock to be abandoned by desperate Pākehā mothers near Māori settlements, in the knowledge that, when found the children would be raised as Whāngai. Others were directly handed over to Māori families to raise and a 1909 law, prohibiting the adoption of Pākehā children by Māori parents was a response to this practice"
The British defeated at Hawaii - The Cook Massacre
In 1776 Cook sailed from England as commander of the HMS Resolution and Discovery and in January 1778 he made his first visit to the Hawaiian Islands. He thought the islands uninhabited and named them the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his patrons, John Montague, the Earl of Sandwich. Captain Cook and his crew were welcomed by the Hawaiians, with the British being amazed at the Hawaiian sailing capabilities surrounded at port by a Hawaiian fleet of Polynesian Sail ships. Cook provisioned his ships by trading iron for food and water supplies, along with trading weapons to warring Hawaiian factions, one being a high King. The British attempted at taking sides in the feuds and at one point during an arms -trade, the British crew took a low level chief hostage after negotiations soured. The foreigners were caught selling supplies to enemies. As the British fled to their ships using the hostage as cover, Captain Cook was caught from behind and struck with a deathly blow to the head and left behind by his own men. The Hawaiian guards stabbed him repeatedly with objects of their own and an iron dagger that had been obtained from the British in trade by a Chief named Nua. The great Captain Cook was finished off with a Hawaiian War club strike to the neck.
Estimates say 10-25 British sailors were killed. A British Captain Clerke was suffering from tuberculosis and took command. He ordered the ships stay at Bay and begged repeatedly for Capt. Cook's body (hoping for a trade), only to learn through friendly Hawaiian priests that it had been cut into pieces and the bones stripped of their flesh. The Hawaiian War custom had been carried out turning the bones into trophy for Mana and prestige.
Pacific Historian "There are some newer versions of the history written by Brits, trying to say the British shot cannons at the beach and they might have done so, but never did the cannons reach, and if they did, the Hawaiians would have attacked in their ships, also it would make it hard to trade for the Captain's body if one were trying to fire cannons. The British versions of the story always conflict and its understandable that when backed in a corner an Imperial Brit uses Tricks and Words. There was no confirmed body count of deaths on the Hawaiian side, the Brits didnt go back to shore just to count the dead before the Hawaiians took the bodies and have good records for the future, they never delayed on shore again. In Eastern Samoa theres a body count estimate of Samoans lost in the Affray with the French, but that too is only unconfirmed wise tales since the French expedition, once defeated on shore, never went back"
The British fear of the Chinese & Pacific Islander
Since the mid-1800s, Chinese, Japanese, and Malaysian Industrialists have created several issues for the English-British, who continue to see them as "Unbeatable competitors", but also as a treasured resource of Asian trade. Australians and British have since 1840-1940, attempted to block Chinese settlement (immigration) through a paper line of legislation.
British Imperialists funded and supported campaigns calling the Chinese "The Yellow Peril", demonizing the culture by publishing terrorizing imagery. Propaganda spread through Newspaper outlets and public education, depicting the East Asia Pacifican as a barbarian race. A British immigrant in the USA wrote racial propaganda of The Yellow Peril (1911), by G. G. Rupert, and proposed that Eurasia-Russia would eventually unite along-side the East-Central Asian and Asian Pacific Oriental races to conquer civilization in the Western world. In 1910, fear of the East Asian and Pacific island Yellow and Brown Peril prompted British Australians to create a White race Association, all members ordered to hail a White Australian badge and they openly proclaimed his or her racial loyalty. The order was though a low-class low-key group of hooligans with prison records and did not have yet a political presence.
The Yellow Peril 1800s. Euro-Propaganda spread
in the 1800s on the Chinese Asian.
The British fear of China Trade. Business spooking on Asian
Trade. While trade spooking was published to warn-off the
small common business man, Asian Trade was still sought after by the
more established euro-trade leaders.
English-British writers who once centered on the Chinese immigrant worker began to switch out the Chinese element for an un-involved "Polynesian image", in at least several cases, being that the Asiatic-Samoan Polynesian Pacific islanders were growing social concerns who had established settlements within both Australia and New Zealand. An Imperial law of the Pacific Islanders Protection Act of 1872 sought to control illegal Australian activity against any Melanesian people. Almost 30 years later The Pacific Island Labourers Act of Australia 1901 sought to control the influx of Polynesian immigration into the region because of Polynesia's past history with uprisings and War. The two Acts of law are unrelated even though some Anglo-writers have attempted to blend the history together.
The Tongan islands and the missing Grecian Ship
On the Lau island in the Tongan region, as the supposed history goes, the island had a population of only about 200 people. The ship's captain of the Grecian took sail in a plot to kidnap and smuggle a group of people for quick pay to a labor facility. The ship Grecian in story took a debated amount of 40-100 Tongan people on board, tricking them into thinking it was for voyage purposes and that new jobs awaited.
"There is no record of a battle in the Tongan islands, for which there would have been, only that a ship came, and Tongans must have left and that there were warning reports to the current King of Tonga. Further warnings of ships who advertised in the island a fruitful job with a promise of good living was reported. This story of the Grecian ship runs dry in some cases because it may have been a good spook story told by Tongan parents and elders to keep youth away from new foreign traders. Also the exact island for which it happened on is highly questionable as overseas European sailors could not navigate well without local Polynesian guides. All first overseas ships who navigated the Pacific had hired local Pacific Island navigators like British Capt. Cook and Tahitian Polynesian guide Tupaia. The guide Tupaia is who helped Captain Cook navigate to Hawaii several times.
This story of the Grecian ship is also not a slave history sive there has never been an actual commercial trade, it is though a failed attempt at kidnapping and a win for the Tongans"
In 1863 there were also reports that some Tongans who were campaigning for title-positions and needed weapons, were luring smuggler ships in with promise of resupply and new workers, and then ambushing them on the shores. Cannons were the most wanted weapons so to ambush larger shipments. [see: The ship Margarita] Historians believe that in the case of the Grecian the sailors who were successful in tricking their way into Tongan hospitality, must have made the Tongans angry at some point during the voyage showing their true intentions. This is believed because the result of the Grecian ship was that the crew was never heard from again in the Pacific, nor the Grecian ship found. Wikipedia has added extra theory on this story giving the Grecian ship a positive outlook on it's fate, however the Grecian ship never made it to their destination and was searched for, but never found, and the Tongans are still well known to fight when angered. The most sound theory remains that the Tongans killed the Captain and crew and stopped at port on another Pacific island.
Posted in: World Studies
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